Red avadavat: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:12, 1 September 2021

Revision as of 12:50, 13 October 2021

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==Taxonomy==

The red avadavat was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Frigilla amandava''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1 | edition=10th | page=180 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | ___location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727087 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his description on "The Amaduvads Cock and Hen" that has been described and illustrated in 1738 by the English naturalist [[Eleazar Albin]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Albin | first1=Eleazar | author1-link=Eleazar Albin | last2=Derham | first2=William | author2-link=William Derham | year=1738 | title=A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life | volume=Volume 3 | page=72, Plate 77 | ___location=London | publisher=Printed for the author and sold by William Innys | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41131128 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|locality]] as East India but this was restricted to [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) by [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] in 1921.<ref name=baker>{{ cite journal | last=Baker | first=E.C. Stuart | author-link=E. C. Stuart Baker | date=1921 | title=Hand-list of the "Birds of India" Part III | journal=Journal Bombay Natural History Society | volume=27 | pages=692-744692–744 [725] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30359388 }}</ref><ref name=paynter>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | ___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=348 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549 }}</ref> This species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Amandava]]'' that was introduced in 1836 by the English zoologist [[Edward Blyth]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=White | first=Gilbert | author-link=Gilbert White | editor-last=Blyth | editor-first=Edward | editor-link=Edward Blyth | date=1836 | title=The Natural History of Selborne, with its Antiquites; Naturalist's Calendar, &c. | ___location=London | publisher=Orr and Smith | page=44, Footnote | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47719792 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=14 July 2021 }}</ref>

The red avadavat were earlier included in the genus ''Estrilda'' by Jean Delacour. This placement was followed for a while but morphological,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year= 1962| volume=82|title=The affinities of the Red Avadavat, Amandava amandava (Linn.)|author=Harrison, C.J.O.|pages=126–132|url= https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up}}</ref> behavioural, biochemical<ref>{{cite journal| title= Biochemical systematics within Palaeotropic finches (Aves: Estrildidae) |author=Christidis, L|pages= 380–392| journal=The Auk| volume=104| issue = 3| year=1987| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf| doi= 10.2307/4087534|jstor=4087534}}</ref> and DNA studies now support their separation in the genus ''Amandava''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An ethological comparison of some waxbills (Estrildini), and its relevance to their taxonomy|author=Harrison, CJO| year=1962| journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=139| issue=2| pages=261–282| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Delacour | first=Jean|year=1943| title= A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae| journal=Zoologica |pages=69–86 |volume=28 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51008602 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| year= 2007| journal= Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science| volume= 116| issue= 1| pages= 90–107| title= Skeletal characters and the systematics of Estrildid finches (Aves:Estrildidae)| last= Webster | first=J.D. | url= http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| archive-date= 2011-05-24}}</ref>

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Red avadavats are found mainly on flat plains, in places with tall grasses or crops, often near water.<ref name=pcr>{{ cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2012 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume=Volume 2: Attributes and Status | edition=2nd | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | ___location=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-96553-87-3 | page=572 }}</ref> The species has four named subspecies. The nominate subspecies is called ''amandava'' and is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]]; the Burmese form is called ''flavidiventris'' (also found in parts of [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]);<ref name=baker/> the population further east in Java is called ''punicea'' and in Cambodia, ''decouxi''.<ref>{{cite book|pages=192–193|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|author=Oates, EW|year=1890| publisher=Taylor and Francis, London |url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/192/mode/1up/search/amandava}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2261963unit#page/216/mode/1up/search/amandava|pages=216|year=1963| journal=United States National Museum Bulletin |volume =226| title=Checklist of the birds of Thailand| author=Deignan, H.G.}}</ref><ref name=paynter/><ref>{{cite book|author=Baker ECS |title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 3|edition=2nd|pages=95–97| url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n116/mode/1up/| publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1926}}</ref>

Introduced populations exist in several locations worldwide: southern [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Une nouvelle espèce à classer parmi les oiseaux de la Péninsule Ibérique: ''Estrilda (Amandava) amandava'' L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)|trans-title= A new species for the Iberian Peninsula: ''Estrilda (Amandava) amandava'' L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)|author1=De Lope F. |author2=Guerrero J. |author3=De La Cruz C. |journal= Alauda| year=1984| volume=52| issue=4}}</ref> [[Brunei]], [[Fiji]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Langham|first=N.P.E.|year=1987|title=The annual cycle of the Avadavat ''Amandava amandava'' in Fiji|journal=Emu|volume=87|pages=232–243|doi=10.1071/MU9870232|issue=4}}</ref> [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/handlistofbirdso00nico#page/29/mode/1up|page=30|title=Handlist of the birds of Egypt|author=Nicoll, MJ |year=1919| publisher=Government Press, Cairo}}</ref> Malaysia, the United States, [[Bahrain]], [[Guadeloupe]], Iran, Italy, [[Réunion]], Malaysia, Mexico, the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Martinique]], Portugal, Japan, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Singapore]] and Hawaii.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Oiseaux granivores exotiques implantés en Guadeloupe, à Marie-Galante et en Martinique (Antilles françaises)|trans-title= Seed eating exotic birds established in Guadeloupe, Marie Galante and in Martinique (French West Indies)|author1=Barre N. |author2=Benito-Espinal E. |journal=L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie|year=1985| volume=55| issue=3 |pages=235–241}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ticehurst | first=C.B. |year=1930 |title= The Amandavat (''Aamandava amandava'') in Mesopotamia| journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=34|issue=2|page= 576|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22719614/94635498|title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Amandava amandava|journal = Iucn Red List of Threatened Species|date = October 2016}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==

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The beak begins to turn red in May and darkens during November and December. The beak then turns rapidly to black in April and the cycle continues.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Thapliyal, JP |author2=BBP Gupta |name-list-style=amp |year=1984| title= Thyroid and annual gonad development, body weight, plumage pigmentation, and bill color cycles of Lal Munia, ''Estrilda amandava''| journal= Gen. Comp. Endocrinology |volume=55|pages=20–28| doi=10.1016/0016-6480(84)90124-2|pmid=6745630| issue=1}}</ref> These seasonal cycles are linked to seasonal changes in daylength.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Subramanian, P |author2=R Subbaraj |name-list-style=amp |year=1989|title=Seasonal changes in the timing of hopping and feeding activities of a tropical bird (''Estrilda amandava'') under natural photoperiod|journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.) | volume=98| issue=2|pages=89–93|url=https://archive.org/stream/indidanacademyof020238mbp#page/n95/mode/1up| doi= 10.1007/BF03179631|s2cid=83953707 }}</ref>

Two ectoparasitic species of bird lice (an [[ischnocera]]n, ''Brueelia amandavae'', and an [[amblycera]]n, ''Myrsidea amandava'') have been identified living on them<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gupta, N.|author2=Kumar, S.|author3=Saxena, A.K. |year=2007 |title=Prevalence and population structure of lice (Phthiraptera) on the Indian Red Avadavat| journal= Zoological Science |volume=24 |issue=4|pages=381–383|doi=10.2108/zsj.24.000|pmid=17867828|s2cid=19494524}}</ref> and a [[Paramyxoviridae|paramyxovirus]] has been isolated from birds kept in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new paramyxovirus isolated from an Amaduvade Finch (''Estrilda amandava'') |author1=Matsuoka, Y |author2=H Kida |author3=R Yanagawa |name-list-style=amp |year=1980 |journal=Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. |volume=42 |pages=161–167 |url=http://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/21-1444.pdf |doi=10.1292/jvms1939.42.161 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105209/http://rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/21-1444.pdf |archive-datepmid=2011-07-227382234 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rékási, J. |author2=Saxena, A. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005| title= A new Phthiraptera species (Philopteridae) from the Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava)| journal= Aquila |volume= 112| pages=87–93|url=http://phthiraptera.info/Publications/46267.pdf}}</ref>

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== Gallery ==