Design prototyping: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:36, 8 October 2021

Revision as of 11:04, 19 October 2021

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{{Blockquote|text="As you come down in scale, it is much more likely that you will be able to mass produce the object, and therefore be able to make a prototype, test it and try it out and explore it."|author=J.K. Page <ref>{{Cite book|last=Page|first=J.K.|title=A Review of the Papers Presented at the Conference|work=Conference on Design Methods|year=1963|pages=212}}</ref>}}

In 1968, [[L. Bruce Archer|Bruce Archer]], a relevant figure in the "Design Methods Movement" describes the design process. One of the stages of the process is called "Prototype development" and it indicates activities to build and test a prototype.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Archer|first=L Bruce|title=The Structure of Design Processes|work=Thesis|publisher=Royal College of Art|year=1968}}</ref> Thus, it would be possible to say that from a design methods' perspective, ''prototyping'' recalls a process in which a prototype is built, tried out and tested. In the same line, additional references to prototyping can be found in later editions of the [[Design Research Society|Design Research Society's]] Conferences.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Design Research Society |last1=DRS |title=DRS Conference volumes |url=https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/conference-volumes/index.2.html |website=DRS Digital Library |publisher=DRS |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> For example, referring to build models and use them to consult people out of the design team, review the model and make decisions on how to modify the design proposal;<ref>{{cite bookjournal|url=https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/conference-volumes/2|title=The Design Activity International Conference, 1973|journal=DRS Conference Volumes|date=1973|publisher=Design Research Society|editor1-last=Design Research Society|pages=192}}</ref> or describing modelling (creating a model) and model simulation.<ref>{{Cite bookjournal|url=https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/conference-volumes/4|title=Proceedings of the Design Research Society International Conference, 1980: Design: Science: Method|journal=DRS Conference Volumes|publisher=Guildford, IPC Business Press Limited|year=1981|editor-last=Jacques|editor-first=R|pages=224–229|editor-last2=Powell|editor-first2=J.}}</ref>

However, one of the first documented uses of the term ''prototyping'' linked to a design process appears in 1983 in ''A systematic look at prototyping'' <ref name="Floyd" /> in the field of information systems and software development. The work of Floyd was inspired by the discussions among the scholars who were preparing the ''Working Conference on Prototyping.'' It focuses on ''prototype'' as a process, rather than the artefact and how prototyping could be applied to the full solution (or product) or parts of it seeking to improve the final output. Although this work was not developed within the design discipline, it provides a comprehensive characterisation of prototyping by defining its steps, purposes and strategies. Moreover, it serves as a referent to further studies of design prototyping.

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Later, around the year of 1990, the availability of methods for rapidly manufacturing models and prototypes stimulated the publication of a great body of literature dedicated to [[rapid prototyping]] techniques and technologies (e.g., [[3D printing]]). Technologies for [[3D printing|additive manufacturing]] (i.e., adding material) or [[Machining|substractive manufacturing]] (i.e, removing material) together with the use of software for [[computer-aided design]] (CAD), leveraged prototype building but also the fabrication of products in limited numbers.

Along the years, further efforts have been dedicated to characterising prototyping in design disciplines in the fields of [[interaction design]], [[User experience design|experience design]],<ref name="Buchenau">{{Cite journal|last1=Buchenau|first1=Marion|last2=Suri|first2=Jane Fulton|date=2000|title=Experience prototyping|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/347642.347802?casa_token=aJCXf4G3Ze8AAAAA:ts_focl2ekhyxQwk9e5X22FX0BUq1TtuehKRpI9hsJmtY6KdT937jKOKpN1C3vtdLv_cYCTLmUA|journal=Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques|series=Dis '00|pages=424–433|doi=10.1145/347642.347802|isbn=1581132190|s2cid=6481095}}</ref> [[product design]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hallgrimssom|first=Bjarki|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1145028866|title=Prototyping and modelmaking for product design|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-1-78067-446-9|oclc=1145028866}}</ref> and [[service design]],<ref name="Blom_Holm" /><ref name="Blom">{{Cite book|last=Blomkvist|first=Johan|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A712357&dswid=-1860|title=Representing future situations of service: prototyping in service design|work=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=Linköping University Electronic Press|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="Stickdorn" /> as well as in product-design-related fields such as engineering/mechanical design.<ref name="Stowe">{{Cite book|last=Stowe|first=David|title=Investigating the Role of Prototyping in Mechanical Design Using Case Study Validation|work=Master Thesis|publisher=Clemson University|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Camburn">{{Cite journal|last1=Camburn|first1=Bradley|last2=Viswanathan|first2=Vimal|last3=Linsey|first3=Julie|last4=Anderson|first4=David|last5=Jensen|first5=Daniel|last6=Crawford|first6=Richard|last7=Otto|first7=Kevin|last8=Wood|first8=Kristin|date=2017|title=Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2053470117000105/type/journal_article|journal=Design Science|language=en|volume=3|pages=e13|doi=10.1017/dsj.2017.10|s2cid=116507313|issn=2053-4701}}</ref> In 2000, designers from [[IDEO]] described ''experience prototyping,'' introducing types of design representations and methods that allow to simulate aspects of an interaction that people experience by themselves.<ref name="Buchenau" /> Experience prototyping can combine various types of prototypes such as spaces, products and interfaces to resemble what the real experience could be like. Around the year of 2010, studies were developed to examine the prototyping of services theorising from the growing practice of service design,<ref name="Blom" /> which later in 2018 were also used as a reference for service design practitioners.<ref name="Stickdorn" />

== Prototyping cycle ==