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==History==
[[File:Minard-carte-viande-1858.png |thumb|right|300px| An 1858 multivariate map by Charles Joseph Minard, using a nominal choropleth to represent departments that supplied meat to be consumed in Paris, proportional circles to represent significant volumes of that meat, combined with pie charts dividing it into relative proportions of beef (black), veal (red), and mutton (green).]]
The first multivariate maps appeared in the early [[Industrial era]] (1830-1860), at the same time that [[Thematic map | thematic maps]] in general were starting to appear. An 1838 booklet of maps produced by Henry Drury Harness for a report on Irish railroads included one that simultaneously showed city populations as [[Proportional symbol map |proportional symbols]] and railroad traffic volume as a [[Flow map]].<ref name="robinson1955">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Arthur H. |title=The 1837 Maps of Henry Drury Harness |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=Dec 1955 |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=440-450 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1791753}}</ref><ref name="harness1837">{{cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Richard John |last2=Harness |first2=Henry Drury |title=Atlas to Accompany 2nd Report of the Railway Commissioners |date=1838 |___location=Ireland |url=http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:45724}}</ref>
[[Charles Joseph Minard]] became a master at creating visualizations that combined multiple variables during the 1850s and 1860s, often mixing [[Choropleth map | choropleth]], [[Flow map|flow lines]], [[Proportional symbol map |proportional symbols]], and [[Chart|statistical charts]] to tell complex stories visually.<ref name="tufte2006">{{cite book |last1=Tufte |first1=Edward |title=Beautiful Evidence |date=2006 |publisher=Graphics Press}}</ref>
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