Utente:Lydia Tuan/Generative Literature: differenze tra le versioni

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'''Generative literature''' refers to [[Letteratura|literature]] that is completely or partially generated by an [[Autonomous System|autonomous system]], such as a [[Computer Programming|computer program]], that algorithmically produces generated literary texts. Closely related to the field of [[generative art]], generative literature is its subset, as both artistic forms rely on an autonomous system, recognized as a [[:en:Non-human|non-human]] entity that produces the literary text independently from a human author, for its literary production.

== History ==

Generative art's increasing popularity in the late [[XX secolo|twentieth century]] was due, in part, to the computational possibilities offered via computers, which gave generative art a new platform. Art historian [[Grant D. Taylor]] notes that [[computer art]]’s introduction in [[1963]] sparked outrage, mostly from non-computer artists who feared that the longevity of [[Poesia|written poem]], representingbeing “communication from a particular human being” and “one last refuge for human beings” would nobe longerat serve that functionrisk in the computer age.<ref name=":0">{{Cita libro|autore=Grant D. Taylor|curatore=Francisco J. Ricardo|titolo=When the Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art|collana=International Texts in Critical Media Aesthetics|anno=2014|editore=Bloomsbury|città=New York|lingua=en|pp=5-6|volume=8}}</ref>

[[Arte digitale|Computer art]] was often seen as “another example of the vulgarization of science, where besotted artists, dallying with the latest scientific and technological media, produced what was tantamount to science as [[kitsch]],” paralleling the fascination of computer art with [[Modernismo|modernist]] responses to the development of [[Scienza fondamentale|pure sciences]] in the [[Novecento (disambigua)|early twentieth century.]]<ref name=":0" /> Prior to the mainstream acceptance of computer poetry as art in 1990s, people had hoped that machines would fail, having coveted art as a “refuge from the onslaughts of our whole machine civilization.”<ref name=":0" /> The stigma attached to computer art was voiced by artists such as [[Paul Brown]], who lambasted the use of computers in art as the “kiss of death”<ref name=":0" /> to describe computer artists who were rejected from galleries once it was revealed to curators and directors that computers played a role in their work’s creation.

=== Jean-Pierre Balpe and surrealism ===

[[File:Jean-Pierre Balpe.jpg|miniatura|Jean-Pierre Balpe in 2000.]]

Unlike [[Arte generativa|generative art]], the introduction of generative literature did not receive the same negativity. One of the first, most prominent uses of generative literature as a term can be traced to [[Francia|French]] generative writer and theorist [[Jean-Pierre Balpe]], who in the mid-1970s, was inspired by [[Surrealismo|surrealism]], which fueled his exploration of automatic text generation’s artistic potential. Balpe defines generative literature as “the production of texts that continually change since they are based on a specific dictionary, on a set of rules and the use of algorithms”<ref>{{Cita libro|curatore=Peter Gendola and Jörgen Schäfer|titolo=The Aesthetics of Net Literature: Writing, Reading

and Playing in the Programmable Media|anno=2007|editore=Transcript Verlag|città=Bielefeld|lingua=en|p=13}}</ref> and that understanding the complexities of generative literature requires awareness of its “''niveaux d’engrammation''” or different "levels of [[engrammation]]" that specify modes of communication between humans and machines behind the generativity.<ref>{{Cita libro|curatore=Peter Gendolla and Jörgen Schäfer|titolo=The Aesthetics of Net Literature: Writing, Reading

and Playing in the Programmable Media|anno=2007|città=Bielefeld|lingua=en|p=25}}</ref> Balpe believes that all literature, to an extent, is generative.<ref>{{Cita testo|lingua=fr|autore=Jean-Pierre Balpe|titolo=Fiction et écriture générative|editore=|città=|data=|url=http://chatonsky.net/files/pdf/jean-pierre-balpe/jpb_fiction.pdf}}</ref>

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=== Nick Montfort's ''#!''===

More recent examples of generative literature include [[Nick Montfort]]’s book entitled ''#!'' (2014) but pronounced ‘[[Shabang|sha-bang]]’ (which means “the set of all circumstances.”)<ref>{{Cita video|autore=Nick Montfort|titolo=Nick Montfort: "#!" {{!}} Talks At Google|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L19iQjE71Ws|accesso=2016-06-03|data=2014-12-11|editore=Talks at Google|lingua=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://counterpathpress.org/nick-montfort|titolo=#!Nick Montfort – Counterpath|lingua=en-US|accesso=2019-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Nick Montfort|titolo=#!|anno=2014|editore=Counterpath Press|lingua=en|ISBN=978-1-933996-46-2}}</ref> Published thirty years after Racter and Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet, ''#!'' contains generated poems and their [[Algoritmo|algorithms]]. The book is divided into sections: each section begins with the algorithm, followed by its output on the subsequent pages. Some of the outputs end with ellipses to signify that they could not be printed due to their infinite length. ''#!''<nowiki/>'s title is also a valid [[Python]] command: the placement of a [[hashtag]] before any given text commands the computer not to read any text following the hashtag.