Utente:Lydia Tuan/Generative Literature: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 10:46, 6 giu 2019

Versione delle 10:50, 6 giu 2019

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Balpe worked on several computer-generated [[Novella|novels]] online spent the early [[Anni 2000|2000s]], including ''[[Trajectoires]]''<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://nt2.uqam.ca/fr/repertoire/trajectoires|titolo=Trajectoires|sito=ALN {{!}} NT2 Le Laboratoire de recherche sur les oeuvres hypermédiatiques|lingua=fr|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/save/http://nt2.uqam.ca/fr/repertoire/trajectoires|dataarchivio=2019-06-06|urlmorto=no}}</ref> (2001) and ''[[Fictions d'Issy|Fictions]]''<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://fiction.maisonpop.fr/|titolo=FICTIONS (fictions) Roman interactif et génératif|autore=Jean-Pierre Balpe|curatore=Maison Pop|lingua=fr|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606092718/https://fiction.maisonpop.fr/|dataarchivio=2019-06-06|urlmorto=no}}</ref> (2004) and exhibited the poetry generator ''[[Babel Poésie]]'' (2004), which generates [[Poesia|poems]] from a [[Base di dati|database]] of [[Lingua francese|French]], [[Lingua italiana|Italian]], and [[Lingua spagnola|Spanish]] words, in the form of a [[Videopoesia|video poem]].<ref>{{Cita video|autore=Jean-Pierre Balpe|titolo=Babel Poèsie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLUzgHS2HAA|accesso=2019-06-06|data=2014-08-27|lingua=fr}}</ref> Poems from ''Babel Poésie'' cannot be generated more than once, and while the content of its poems has been described as “the poetry of trash language, word garbage, chaos speak,” the poems’ forms have been praised as “a new poetry which works with boundless text flow and is conceived as an associative and endless process.”<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.p0es1s.net/en/projects/jean_pierre_balpe.html|titolo=P0es1s.digitale Poesie|lingua=en|accesso=2016-06-12|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524104047/http://www.p0es1s.net/en/projects/jean_pierre_balpe.html|dataarchivio=2019-05-24}}</ref>

=== Codework poetry ===

The idea that code can be read, analyzed, and written as literature is not unprecedented: [[codework poetry]] is the construction and stylization of verse using a mixture of [[Linguaggio di programmazione|programming languages]] with [[Lingua naturale|natural languages]] to produce literature, by giving [[Sintassi|syntactical]] and [[Semantica|semantic]] meanings to programming languages, producing a [[Poesia concreta|concrete poem]]-esque effect. Published anonymously in the [[Forum (Internet)|networked discussion system]] [[Usenet]], “[[Black Perl]]” (1990) serves as an example of a codework poem. Written in the programming language [[Perl]] (“Practical Extraction and Report Language”) as an example of [[Perl Poetry]], “Black Perl” was intentionally written in valid Perl commands so the commands in each line of the program could also be read as a poem.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=237465|titolo=Black Perl updated for Perl 5|autore=jonadab|data=2003-02-21|lingua=en|accesso=2019-06-06|urlarchivio=http://web.archive.org/web/20190606094100/https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=237465|urlmorto=no}}</ref>

== Examples of generative literature ==

=== Raymond Kurzweil's "Cybernetic Poet" ===

[[File:Raymond Kurzweil, Stanford 2006 (square crop).jpg|miniatura|[[Raymond Kurzweil]] speaking at [[Università di Stanford|Stanford University]] in 2006.]]

First introduced sometime in the mid-1980s, [[Raymond Kurzweil]]’s [[Cybernetic Poet]] is an online program that generates poetry by reading an extensive collection of poems written by human authors. On his website, entitled “[http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php CyberArt Technologies],” Kurzweil introduces the Cybernetic Poet’s functionalities in greater detail: "RKCP [the Cybernetic Poet] uses a recursive poetry-generation algorithm to achieve the language style, rhythm patterns, and poem structure of the original authors whose poems were analyzed. There are also algorithms to maintain thematic consistency through the poem.  The poems are in a similar style to the author(s) originally analyzed but are completely original new poetry.  The system even has rules to discourage itself from plagiarizing."<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Ray Kurzweil|titolo=The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence|anno=1999|editore=Penguin|città=New York|lingua=en|p=163}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|titolo=Kurzweil CyberArt Technologies Home Page|autore=Raymond Kurzweil|lingua=en|urlarchivio=http://web.archive.org/save/http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|dataarchivio=2019-05-24|urlmorto=no}}</ref>

"RKCP [the Cybernetic Poet] uses a recursive poetry-generation algorithm to achieve the language style, rhythm patterns, and poem structure of the original authors whose poems were analyzed. There are also algorithms to maintain thematic consistency through the poem.  The poems are in a similar style to the author(s) originally analyzed but are completely original new poetry.  The system even has rules to discourage itself from plagiarizing."<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Ray Kurzweil|titolo=The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence|anno=1999|editore=Penguin|città=New York|lingua=en|p=163}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|titolo=Kurzweil CyberArt Technologies Home Page|autore=Raymond Kurzweil|lingua=en|urlarchivio=http://web.archive.org/save/http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php|dataarchivio=2019-05-24|urlmorto=no}}</ref>

The Poet’s ability to produce original poetry by reading, first, an extensive selection of poems by one or several authors mimics a writing process that could very well be practiced by human poets — especially if we recall that novel literary forms and styles often emerge from the influence and desire to depart from current and preceding literary movements. Kurzweil has programmed the Cybernetic Poet to function like a human author, as its abilities to “maintain thematic consistency through the poem” and “discourage itself from plagiarizing” all suggest the development of an authorial personality. Functioning as a “poet’s assistant authoring tool,” the Cybernetic Poet aids human authors by “assist[ing] and stimulat[ing] a (human) poet in finding the right verbal images and phrases,” which, Kurzweil notes, “are often intriguing and surprising.”<ref name=":1" />

=== William Chamberlain and Thomas Etter's "Racter" ===

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* [[Arte generativa|Generative art]]

*[[Black Perl]]

* [[OuLiPo|Oulipo]]

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* Raymond Kurzweil, [http://www.kurzweilcyberart.com/poetry/rkcp_overview.php The Cybernetic Poet]

*Nick Montfort, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L19iQjE71Ws #!]

*Perl Poetry, [https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=237465 Black Perl].

*Wikipedia entry on [[:en:Constrained_writing|Constraint writing]]<br />