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The '''Berkeley r-commands''' are a [[Software suite|suite]] of [[computer program]]s designed to enable users of one [[Unix]] system to [[log in]] or issue [[Command (computing)|commands]] to another [[Unix]] computer via [[TCP/IP]] [[computer network]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Unix System Management: Primer Plus |last=Horwitz |first=Jeff |chapter=Using the Berkeley r-commands Without a Password |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sue_SyjuCMC&pg=PA339 |page=339 |year=2003 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Sams Publishing |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-672-32372-0 |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref> The r-commands were developed in 1982 by the [[Computer Systems Research Group]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], based on an early implementation of [[TCP/IP]] (the [[protocol stack]] of the [[Internet]]).<ref name="McKusick">{{cite book |title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution |last=McKusick |first=Marshall Kirk |authorlink=Marshall Kirk McKusick |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56592-582-3 |chapter=Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable |chapter-url=http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/kirkmck.html |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |at=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823/page/ Section: "4.2BSD"] |access-date=2018-03-03 |title-link=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution }}</ref>
The CSRG incorporated the r-commands into their [[Unix]] [[operating system]], the [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD). The r-commands premiered in BSD v4.1.<ref name="McKusick"/> Among the programs in the suite are: {{code|rcp}} (remote [[File copying|copy]]), {{code|rexec}} (remote [[Execution (computing)|execution]]), {{code|rlogin}} (remote [[login]]), {{code|rsh}} (remote [[Shell (computing)|shell]]), {{code|rstat}}, {{code|ruptime}}, and {{code|rwho}} (remote [[who (Unix)|who]]).<ref name="McKusick"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to TCP/IP: IPv6 and IPv4 |
The r-commands were a significant innovation, and became ''de facto'' standards for Unix operating systems.<ref>Casad (2008), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q81cs5140_YC&pg=PT346 346]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Red Hat Fedora Linux 2 Bible |last=Negus |first=Christopher |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-7645-5745-9 |oclc=441918216 |chapter=About "r" Commands |chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/negus/rhbf2/r-commands.html |access-date=2018-03-04|date=2004-07-02 }}</ref> With wider public adoption of the Internet, their inherent security vulnerabilities became a problem,<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.178.8497&rep=rep1&type=pdf|citeseerx = 10.1.1.178.8497|title = A Case Study of Using a Secure Network Layer Protocol}}</ref> and beginning with the development of [[Secure Shell]] protocols and applications in 1995, its adoption entirely supplanted the deployment and use of r-commands (and Telnet) on networked systems.<ref>https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/16781951/sshVsTelnetWeb3.pdf?sequence=1</ref>
==Authentication==
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{{Further|Remote Shell}}
rsh opens a [[Shell (computing)|shell]] on a remote computer without a [[login]] procedure. Once connected, the user can execute commands on the remote computer through the shell's [[command-line interface]]. rsh passes input and output through the [[standard streams]], and it sends [[standard output]] to the user's [[Virtual console|console]]. Over the network, [[standard input]] and standard out flow through TCP port 514, while [[Standard_streams#Standard_error_(stderr)|Standard Error]] flows through a different TCP port, which the rsh [[Daemon (computing)|daemon]] (rshd) opens.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hF7sqwrcrwC&pg=PA154 |title=CCSP: Secure PIX and Secure VPN Study Guide |
===rexec===
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