Extensible Host Controller Interface: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:20, 11 October 2021

Revision as of 01:39, 17 November 2021

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When USB was originally developed in 1995, it was targeted at desktop platforms to stem the proliferation of connectors that were appearing on PCs, e.g. [[PS/2 connector|PS/2]], [[serial port]], [[parallel port]], [[game port]], etc., and host power consumption was not an important consideration at the time. Since then, mobile platforms have become the platform of choice, and their batteries have made power consumption a key consideration. The architectures of the legacy USB host controllers (OHCI, UHCI, and EHCI) were very similar in that the "schedule" for the transactions to be performed on the USB were built by software in host memory, and the host controller hardware would continuously read the schedules to determine what transactions needed to be driven on the USB, and when, even if no data was moved. Additionally, in the case of reads from the device, the device was polled each schedule interval, even if there was no data to read.

* The xHCI eliminates host memory based USB transaction schedules, enabling zero host memory activity when there is no USB data movement.

* The xHCI reduces the need for periodic device polling by allowing a USB 3.0 or later device to notify the host controller when it has data available to read, and moves the management of polling USB 2.0 and 1.1 devices that use interrupt transactions from the CPU-driven USB driver to the USB host controller. EHCI, OHCI, and UHCI host controllers would automatically handle polling for the CPU if there are no changes that need to be made and if no device has any interrupts to send but they all rely on the CPU to set the schedule up for the controllers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/blymn/uhci11d.pdf |title=UHCI11D.DOC |website=Ftp.netbsd.org |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technical-specifications/ehci-specification-for-usb.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810175253/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technical-specifications/ehci-specification-for-usb.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-10 }}</ref><ref>[ftp://ftp.compaq.com/pub/supportinformation/papers/hcir1_0a.pdf] {{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> If any USB device using interrupt transactions does have data to send, then an xHCI host controller will send an interrupt to notify the CPU that there is a USB interrupt transaction that needs handling. Since the CPU no longer has to manage the polling of the USB bus, it can spend more time in low power states.

* The xHCI does not require that implementations provide support for all advanced USB 2 and 3 power management features, including USB 2 LPM, USB 3 U1 and U2 states, HERD, LTM, Function Wake, etc.; but these features are required to realize all of the advantages of xHCI.

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The EHCI licensing model was continued for Intel's xHCI specification, however with a greatly expanded industry contribution. Over 100 companies have contributed to the xHCI specification. The [[USB Implementers Forum]] (USB-IF) has also funded a set of xHCI Compliance Tests to maximize the compatibility of the various xHCI implementations.

xHCI 1.0 controllers have been shipping since December 2009. Linux kernels since 2009 contain xHCI drivers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hvera.wordpress.com/2009/06/10/usb-3-0-in-linux-kernel/|title=USB 3.0 in Linux kernel|website=hvera.wordpress.com |date= 10 June 2009|accessdate=2017-02-02}}</ref> but for older kernels there are drivers available online. Windows drivers for XP, Vista, and Windows 7 are available from the respective xHCI vendors. xHCI drivers for embedded system are available from [[MCCI Corporation|MCCI]], [[Jungo]], and other software vendors. xHCI IP blocks are also available from several vendors for customization in SOC environments. xHCI 1.1 controllers and devices began shipping in 2015.

=== Version history ===