Turing test: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Turing test diagram.png|thumb|The "standard interpretation" of the Turing test, in which player C, the interrogator, is given the task of trying to determine which player&nbsp;– A or B&nbsp;– is a computer and which is a human. The interrogator is limited to using the responses to written questions to make the determination.<ref>Image adapted from {{harvnb|Saygin|2000}}</ref>]]pdf fp bhibud

{{Artificial intelligence|Philosophy}}

The '''Turing test''', originally called the '''imitation game''' by [[Alan Turing]] in 1950,<ref name="Turing-1950"/> is a test of a machine's ability to [[artificial intelligence|exhibit intelligent behaviour]] equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech.<ref>Turing originally suggested a [Name[teleprinter]], one of the few text-only communication systems available in 1950. {{Harv|Turing|1950|p=433}}</ref> If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test results do not depend on the machine's ability to give correct [[question answering|answers to questions]], only how closely its answers resemble those a human would Domainegive.

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originally suggested a [[teleprinter]], one of the few text-only communication systems available in 1950. {{Harv|Turing|1950|p=433}}</ref> If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test results do not depend on the machine's ability to give correct [[question answering|answers to questions]], only how closely its answers resemble those a human would give.

The test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper "[[Computing Machinery and Intelligence]]" while working at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/test.html |title=The Turing Test, 1950 |series=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |website=turing.org.uk}}</ref> It opens with the words: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?{{' "}} Because "thinking" is difficult to define, Turing chooses to "replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words."{{sfn|Turing|1950|p=433}} Turing describes the new form of the problem in terms of a three-person game called the "imitation game", in which an interrogator asks questions of a man and a woman in another room in order to determine the correct sex of the two players. Turing's new question is: "Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the ''imitation game''?"<ref name="Turing-1950">{{Harv|Turing|1950|p=442}} Turing does not call his idea "Turing test", but rather the "imitation game"; however, later literature has reserved the term "imitation game" to describe a particular version of the test. See [[#Versions of the Turing test]], below. Turing gives a more precise version of the question later in the paper: "[T]hese questions [are] equivalent to this, 'Let us fix our attention on one particular digital computer C. Is it true that by modifying this computer to have an adequate storage, suitably increasing its speed of action, and providing it with an appropriate programme, C can be made to play satisfactorily the part of A in the imitation game, the part of B being taken by a man?{{' "}} {{Harv|Turing|1950|p=442}}</ref> This question, Turing believed, is one that can actually be answered. In the remainder of the paper, he argued against all the major objections to the proposition that "machines can think".<ref name="Turing's nine objections">{{Harvnb|Turing|1950|pp=442–454}} and see {{Harvtxt|Russell|Norvig|2003|p=948}}, where they comment, "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the possibility of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared."</ref>