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{{Short description|Operating system designed to operate on multiple systems over a network}}
A '''distributed operating system''' is system software over a collection of independent, [[Computer network|networked]], [[Inter-process communication|communicating]], and physically separate computational nodes. They handle jobs which are serviced by multiple CPUs.<ref name="Tanenbaum1993">{{cite journal |last=Tanenbaum |first=Andrew S |date=September 1993 |title=Distributed operating systems anno 1992. What have we learned so far? |journal=Distributed Systems Engineering |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1088/0967-1846/1/1/001|bibcode=1993DSE.....1....3T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Each individual node holds a specific software subset of the global aggregate operating system. Each subset is a composite of two distinct service provisioners.<ref name="Nutt1992">{{cite book|last=Nutt|first=Gary J.|title=Centralized and Distributed Operating Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/centralizeddistr0000nutt |url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-122326-4}}</ref> The first is a ubiquitous minimal [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]], or [[microkernel]], that directly controls that node's hardware. Second is a higher-level collection of ''system management components'' that coordinate the node's individual and collaborative activities. These components abstract microkernel functions and support user applications.<ref name="Gościński1991">{{cite book|last=Gościński|first=Andrzej|title=Distributed Operating Systems: The Logical Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnYhAQAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-201-41704-3}}</ref>▼
▲They handle jobs which are serviced by multiple CPUs.<ref name="Tanenbaum1993">{{cite journal |last=Tanenbaum |first=Andrew S |date=September 1993 |title=Distributed operating systems anno 1992. What have we learned so far? |journal=Distributed Systems Engineering |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1088/0967-1846/1/1/001|bibcode=1993DSE.....1....3T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Each individual node holds a specific software subset of the global aggregate operating system. Each subset is a composite of two distinct service provisioners.<ref name="Nutt1992">{{cite book|last=Nutt|first=Gary J.|title=Centralized and Distributed Operating Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/centralizeddistr0000nutt |url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-122326-4}}</ref> The first is a ubiquitous minimal [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]], or [[microkernel]], that directly controls that node's hardware. Second is a higher-level collection of ''system management components'' that coordinate the node's individual and collaborative activities. These components abstract microkernel functions and support user applications.<ref name="Gościński1991">{{cite book|last=Gościński|first=Andrzej|title=Distributed Operating Systems: The Logical Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnYhAQAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-201-41704-3}}</ref>
The microkernel and the management components collection work together. They support the system's goal of integrating multiple resources and processing functionality into an efficient and stable system.<ref name="Fortier1986">{{cite book|last=Fortier|first=Paul J.|title=Design of Distributed Operating Systems: Concepts and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7QmAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Intertext Publications|isbn=9780070216211}}</ref> This seamless integration of individual nodes into a global system is referred to as ''transparency'', or ''[[single system image]]''; describing the illusion provided to users of the global system's appearance as a single computational entity.<!-- is transparency required for membership in the "dos" group?-->
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===The kernel===
At each [[Locale (computer hardware)|locale]] (typically a node), the kernel provides a minimally complete set of node-level utilities necessary for operating a node's underlying hardware and resources. These mechanisms include allocation, management, and disposition of a node's resources, processes, communication, and [[input/output]] management support functions.<ref name="Hansen2001">{{cite book|editor=Hansen, Per Brinch|title=Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PDPBvIPYBkC|year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-95113-3}}</ref> Within the kernel, the communications sub-system is of foremost importance for a distributed OS.<ref name="Gościński1991"/>
In a distributed OS, the kernel often supports a minimal set of functions, including low-level [[address space]] management, [[thread (computing)|thread]] management, and [[inter-process communication]] (IPC). A kernel of this design is referred to as a
[[Image:System Management Components.PNG|thumbnail|right|175px|alt=General overview of system management components that reside above the microkernel.|System management components overview]]
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==References==
{{Reflist
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Chow|first1=Randy|author2=Theodore Johnson|title=Distributed Operating Systems and Algorithms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MZAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Addison Wesley|isbn=978-0-201-49838-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Pradeep Kumar |title=Distributed Operating Systems: Concepts and Design|url=https://archive.org/details/distributedopera0000sinh|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=IEEE Press|isbn=978-0-7803-1119-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Galli|first=Doreen L.|title=Distributed Operating Systems: Concepts and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/distributedopera00gall |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-079843-5}}
==External links==
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