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220 of Borg (talk | contribs) Filled in 1 bare reference(s) with reFill 2; 3 semi-manual reFill 2 entries <ref name="b-47"> <ref name="nasa-quest-speed"> <ref name="jenkins-hmd"> <ref name="aviatn-psych-outside-in">, MDY dates etc. |
220 of Borg (talk | contribs) →Causes: + links/s; + missing source re Roy Chadwick death & cause <ref name="avsafety-G-AGSU-crash"> quote=''PROBABLE CAUSE: Incorrect assembly of the aileron control circuit.}}; + UA Flight 585 cause source borrowed from that crashs' page <ref name="AAR01-01 Final Report"> |
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==Causes==
There are several causes for this problem: pilot error, effects of [[high-speed flight]], incorrectly connected controls, and various [[Coupling (physics)|coupling forces]] on the aircraft.
===Equipment malfunction===
Equipment failure may cause flight controls to behave unexpectedly, for example the possible rudder reversal experienced onboard [[United Airlines Flight 585]].<ref name="AAR01-01 Final Report">{{cite book | url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0101.pdf | title=Aircraft Accident Report: Uncontrolled Descent and Collision With Terrain, United Airlines Flight 585, Boeing 737-200, N999UA, 4 Miles South of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, March 3, 1991 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |id=NTSB/AAR-01/01 |date=March 27, 2001 |access-date=January 17, 2016 }} {{deadlink | date= December 2021}} </ref>{{rp|114}}
===Pilot error===
[[Pilot error]] is the most common cause of control reversal. In [[unusual attitude]]s it is not uncommon for the pilot to become [[Spatial_disorientation#Senses_during_flight|disoriented]] and start feeding in incorrect control movements in order to regain level flight. This is particularly common when using
===Incorrectly connected controls===
Incorrectly connected controls are another common cause of this problem. It is a recurring problem after maintenance on aircraft, notably homebuilt designs that are being flown for the first time after some minor work. However it is not entirely uncommon on commercial aircraft, and has been the cause of several accidents including the crash of the [[Short Crusader]] before the 1927 [[Schneider Trophy]] and the 1947 death of [[Avro]] designer [[Roy Chadwick]].<ref name="avsafety-G-AGSU-crash">{{cite web |last1=Ranter |first1=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Avro 689 Tudor 2 G-AGSU Woodford Airport (WFD) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19470823-0 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=19 December 2021 |quote=''PROBABLE CAUSE: Incorrect assembly of the aileron control circuit.}}</ref>
===Wing twist===
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