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Municipal records show that street maintenance represents a large portion of a municipal budget, particularly in Northern climates where snow removal is added to the regular lifecycle upkeep. Two planning strategies have been suggested to deal with these costs in new developments: reduction of street length or increase in household density, or a combination of the two. Of the two strategies, reducing street length is the most effective and permanent; densities can vary over time and cannot be effectively controlled.
===Pedestrian
[[New Urbanism|New Urbanists]] decry the street hierarchy's deleterious effects on pedestrian travel, which is made easy and pleasant within the subdivision but is virtually impossible outside it. Residential subdivisions usually have no pedestrian connections between themselves and adjacent commercial areas, and are often separated from them by high masonry walls intended to block noise. New Urbanist writers like [[Andres Duany]] and [[James Howard Kunstler]] often point out the absurd nature of car trips forced by the street hierarchy: while a grocery store may be less than a quarter-mile distant physically from a given home in a subdivision, the barriers to pedestrian travel presented by the street hierarchy mean that getting a gallon of milk requires a car trip of a mile or more in each direction. [[Jane Jacobs]], among other commentators, has gone so far as to say that modern suburban design—of which the street hierarchy is the key component—is a major factor in the sedentary lifestyle of today's children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/28/health-sedentary-cities-forbeslife-cx_rr_1029health.html|title=America's Most Sedentary Cities - Forbes|website=[[Forbes]]|date=June 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603161424/http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/28/health-sedentary-cities-forbeslife-cx_rr_1029health.html|archive-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> [[Mass transit]] advocates contend that the street hierarchy's denigration of pedestrian traffic also reduces the viability of public transportation in areas where it prevails, sharply curtailing the mobility of those who do not own cars or cannot drive them, such as disabled persons, teenagers, and the elderly.
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