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The technology of code-division multiple access channels has long been known.
===USA===
In the US, one of the earliest descriptions of CDMA can be found in the summary report of Project Hartwell on "The Security of Overseas Transport", which was a summer research project carried out at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] from June to August 1950.<ref name=Scholtz_1982May_IEEE>{{cite web| author=Robert A. Scholtz| date=May 1982| url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1095547| title=The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications| publisher=[[IEEE Transactions on Communications]]| access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref> Further research in the context of [[Radio jamming|jamming]] and [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|anti-jamming]] was carried out in 1952 at [[MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory|Lincoln Lab]].<ref name=Price_Shannon_19820728>{{cite web| author=Robert Price| date=28 July 1982| url=https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Claude_E._Shannon| title=Oral-History: Claude E. Shannon| publisher=[[Engineering and Technology History Wiki]]| access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref>
===USSR===
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