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'''Gender and development''' is an interdisciplinary field of research and applied study that implements a [[Feminism|feminist]] approach to understanding and addressing the disparate impact that [[economic development]] and [[globalization]] have on people based upon their ___location, gender, class background, and other socio-political identities. A strictly economic approach to development views a country's development in quantitative terms such as job creation, inflation control, and high employment – all of which aim to improve the ‘economic wellbeing’ of a country and the subsequent quality of life for its people.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/IEDC_ED_Reference_Guide.pdf|title=The International Economic Development Council's Economic Development Reference Guide|website=International Economic Development Council|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118034420/http://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/IEDC_ED_Reference_Guide.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In terms of economic development, quality of life is defined as access to necessary rights and resources including but not limited to quality education, medical facilities, affordable housing, clean environments, and low crime rate.<ref name=":2" /> Gender and development considers many of these same factors; however, gender and development emphasizes efforts towards understanding how multifaceted these issues are in the entangled context of culture, government, and globalization. Accounting for this need, gender and development implements [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] research, research that studies a specific culture or group of people by physically immersing the researcher into the environment and daily routine of those being studied,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sangasubana|first=Nisaratana|date=11 March 2011|title=How to Conduct Ethnographic Research|url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=tqr|journal=The Qualitative Report|volume=16|pages=3–4|via=ProQuest}}</ref> in order to comprehensively understand ''how'' development policy and practices affect the everyday life of targeted groups or areas.
The history of this field dates back to the 1950s, when studies of economic development first brought women into its discourse,<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Gender Planning and Development. Theory, Practice and Training|last=Moser|first=Caroline|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|isbn=978-0-203-41194-0|___location=New York|page=3}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite book|title=Gender, development, and globalization : economics as if all people mattered|last=Lourdes|first=Benería|others=Berik, Günseli,, Floro, Maria|isbn=9780415537483|edition= Second|___location=New York|oclc=903247621|date = 2014-11-11}}</ref> focusing on women only as subjects of welfare policies – notably those centered on [[Aid#Emergency aid|food aid]] and [[family planning]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/GlobalFamilyPlanningRevolution.pdf|title=The Global Family Planning Revolution|last1=Robinson|first1=Warren C.|last2=Ross|first2=John A.|date=2007|website=World Bank|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> The focus of women in development increased throughout the decade, and by 1962, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] called for the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women|Commission on the Status of Women]] to collaborate with the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]] and a number of other UN sectors to develop a longstanding program dedicated to women's advancement in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1962/36.pdf|title=United Nations Assistance for the Advancement of Women in Developing Countries [1962]|date=1962|website=World Legal Information Institute|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref> A decade later, feminist economist [[Ester Boserup]]’s pioneering book ''Women’s Role in Economic Development'' (1970) was published, radically shifting perspectives of development and contributing to the birth of what eventually became the gender and development field.<ref name=":02" />
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Another example is the Women's Development Business (WDB) in South Africa, a [[Grameen Bank]] microfinance replicator. According to WDB, the goal is to ensure “[…] that rural women are given the tools to free themselves from the chains of poverty […]” through allocation of financial resources directly to women including enterprise development programs.<ref name="WDB">{{cite web |url= http://wdb.co.za/about/#.UpUPR-KmZRc |title=WDB about page |year= 2013 |website=Women’s Development Business |publisher=WDB |access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> The idea is to use microfinance as a market-oriented tool to ensure access to financial services for disadvantaged and low-income people and therefore fostering economic development through [[financial inclusion]].
Diving into another example regarding Microfinance and women from ''Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it?''is Vossenberg (2013) describes how although there has been an increase in entrepreneurship for women, the gender gap still persists. The author states “The gender gap is commonly defined as the difference between men and women in terms of numbers engaged in entrepreneurial activity, motives to start or run a business, industry choice and business performance and growth” (Vossenberg, 2). The article dives into how in Eastern Europe there is a low rate of women entrepreneurs. Although the author discusses how in Africa nearly fifty percent of women make up entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web2.msm.nl/RePEc/msm/wpaper/MSM-WP2013-08.pdf
As a reaction, a current topic in the feminist literature on economic development is the ‘gendering’ of [[microfinance]], as women have increasingly become the target borrowers for rural [[microcredit]] lending. This, in turn, creates the assumption of a “rational economic woman” which can exacerbate existing social hierarchies<ref name="Rankin2001">{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Katharine N. |year=2001 |title= Governing Development: Neoliberalism, Microcredit, and Rational Economic Woman |url= http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan011685.pdf |journal= Economy and Society |volume=30 |pages=18–37 |access-date=2 November 2013 |doi=10.1080/03085140122912}}</ref>).
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