Extended parallel process model: Difference between revisions

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The '''extended parallel process model''' ('''EPPM''') is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar [[Kim Witte]] that evaluates how individuals react to fear-inducing messages. It was first published in [[Communication Monographs|''Communication Monographs'']], Volume 59, December 1992; Witte subsequently published an initial test of the model in a later article in [[Communication Monographs|''Communication Monographs'']], Volume 61, June 1994.

EPPM was developed by Witte as a response to the significant inconsistencies in fear appeal literature, serving as integration and extension of previous fear appeal models, hence the 'extended' in EPPM. The model is based initially on Leventhal's Parallel Process Model - a danger and fear control framework that studied how adaptive protective behaviour stemmed from attempts of danger control. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leventhal|first=H|date=1971-06|title=Fear appeals and persuasion: the differentiation of a motivational construct.|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1208–1224|doi=10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|issn=0090-0036|pmc=PMC15298741529874|pmid=4110702}}</ref>It also significantly draws from Roger's [[Protection motivation theory]], which proposes two responses to fear-inducing stimuli: threat appraisal and coping appraisal.

The model posits that when confronted with a fear-inducing stimulus, humans tend to engage in two simultaneous ways of message processing: a perceived efficacy appraisal (cognitive processing) and a perceived threat appraisal (emotional processing). Differences in message appraisal then lead to two behavioural outcomes, with individuals engaging in either a danger control process or a fear control process. In the case of the message being perceived as having no element of threat, individuals do not exhibit a response, and the message is ignored.

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== Background ==

Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals. Fear appeals are specifically designed to elicit fear and nudge individuals to adapt to the recommendations outlined in the message and find their use in public health campaigns and political adverts. Appeals are designed to fit three main categories: message, behaviour, and the audience.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenbaum|first=Melanie B.|last2=Hepler|first2=Justin|last3=Zimmerman|first3=Rick S.|last4=Saul|first4=Lindsey|last5=Jacobs|first5=Samantha|last6=Wilson|first6=Kristina|last7=Albarracín|first7=Dolores|date=2015-11|title=Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0039729|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=141|issue=6|pages=1178–1204|doi=10.1037/a0039729|issn=1939-1455|pmc=PMC57897905789790|pmid=26501228}}</ref>

* Message: The content that is included in the fear-inducing message