Perception of infrasound: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:36, 10 February 2022

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=== Elephants ===

Elephants are the terrestrial animal in which the production of infrasonic calls was first noted by M. Krishnan,<ref name="Krishnan 1972">{{cite journal |last=Krishnan |first=M |title=An Ecological Survey of the Larger Mammals of Peninsular India |year=1972 |journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=69 |pages=26–54}}</ref> later discovered by Katy Payne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Katy |title=Silent Thunder: In the presence of Elephants |url=https://archive.org/details/silentthunderinp00payn |url-access=registration |year=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |___location=New York}}</ref> The use of low frequency sounds to communicate over long distances may explain certain elephant behaviors that have previously puzzled observers. Elephant groups that are separated by several kilometers have been observed to travel in parallel or to change the direction simultaneously and move directly towards each other in order to meet.<ref name="Langbauer et al 1991">{{cite journal |last=Langbauer |first=W. R. |author2=K. B. Payne |author3=R. A. Charif |author4=L. Rapaport |author5=F. Osborn |title=African elephants respond to distant playbacks of low-frequency conspecific calls |journal=J. Exp. Biol. |year=1991 |volume=157 |pages=35–46|doi=10.1242/jeb.157.1.35 }}</ref> The time of [[estrus]] for females is asynchronous, lasts only for a few days, and occurs only every several years. Nevertheless, males, which usually wander apart from female groups, rapidly gather from many directions to compete for a receptive female.<ref name="Langbauer et al 1991" /> Since infrasound can travel for very long distances, it has been suggested that calls in the infrasonic range might be important for long distance communication for such coordinated behaviors among separated elephants.<ref name="Langbauer et al 1991" /><ref name="Payne et al 1986">{{cite journal |last=Payne |first=K. B. |author2=W. R. Langbauer |author3=E. M. Thomas |title=Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus |journal=Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |year=1986 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=297–301 |doi=10.1007/bf00300007|s2cid=1480496 }}</ref>

==== Infrasound production and perception ====

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== Birds ==

Although birds do not produce vocalizations in the infrasonic range, reactions to infrasonic stimuli have been observed in several species, such as the homing pigeon, the guinea fowl, and the Asian grouse.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yodlowski |first=M. L. |author2=M. L. Kreithen |author3=W. T. Keeton |title=Detection of atmospheric infrasound by pigeons |journal=Nature |year=1977 |volume=265 |pages=725–726 |doi=10.1038/265725a0 |issue=5596 |pmid=859577 |bibcode=1977Natur.265..725Y|s2cid=4247969 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Theurich |first=M. |author2=G. Langner |author3=H. Scheich |title=Infrasound re-sponses in the midbrain of the Guinea Fowl |journal=Neurosci Lett |year=1984 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1016/0304-3940(84)90140-x|pmid=6493602 |s2cid=36335442 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Moss |first=R. |author2=I. Lockie |title=Infrasonic components in the song of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus |journal=Ibis |year=1979 |volume=121 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1979.tb05021.x}}</ref> It is postulated that birds might use the detection of naturally occurring infrasound for long-range directional cues from distant landmarks, or for weather detection.<ref name="Quine 1981">{{cite journal | last1 = Quine | first1 = Douglas B. | year = 1981 | title = Frequency shift discrimination: Can homing pigeons locate infrasounds by Doppler shifts? | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology | volume = 141 | issue = 2 | page = 2 | doi=10.1007/bf01342661| s2cid = 40421698 }}</ref> Since hearing tests at infrasonic frequencies have been conducted on a small number of bird species, the true diversity of this ability among birds is unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Zeyl|firstfirst1=Jeffrey N.|last2=Ouden|first2=Olivier den|last3=Köppl|first3=Christine|last4=Assink|first4=Jelle|last5=Christensen‐Dalsgaard|first5=Jakob|last6=Patrick|first6=Samantha C.|last7=Clusella‐Trullas|first7=Susana|date=2020|title=Infrasonic hearing in birds: a review of audiometry and hypothesized structure–function relationships|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12596|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=95|issue=4|pages=1036–1054|doi=10.1111/brv.12596|pmid=32237036|s2cid=214769719|issn=1469-185X}}</ref>

=== Pigeons ===

Infrasound perception has been observed and quantified in the homing pigeon which has particularly good long distance navigation skills. The precise relevance of such signals for the pigeon is still unknown, but several uses for infrasound have been hypothesized, such as navigation and detection of air turbulences when flying and landing.<ref name="Kreithen & Quine 1979" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Griffin |first=D. R. |title=The physiology and geophysics of bird navigation |journal=Q Rev Biol |year=1969 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=255–276 |doi=10.1086/406142|s2cid=84512252 }}</ref><ref name="Schermuly 1990a">{{cite journal |last=Schermuly |first=L. |author2=R. Klinke |title=Infrasound sensitive neurons in the pigeon cochlear ganglion |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |year=1990 |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=355–363 |doi=10.1007/bf00204808|pmid=2324994 |s2cid=12962156 }}</ref>

==== Infrasound sensitivity ====

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*{{cite journal | last1 = Heffner | first1 = H. | last2 = Heffner | first2 = R. | year = 1980 | title = Hearing in the elephant (Elephas maximus) | journal = Science | volume = 208 | issue = 4443 | pages = 518–520 | doi=10.1126/science.7367876 | pmid=7367876 | bibcode = 1980Sci...208..518H }}

*{{cite journal | last1 = Kreithen | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Quine | first2 = D. B. | year = 1979 | title = Infrasound detection by the homing pigeon: A behavioral audiogram | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology | volume = 129 | pages = 1–4 | doi=10.1007/bf00679906| s2cid = 12127549 }}

*{{cite journal | last1 = Langbauer | first1 = W. R. | last2 = Payne | first2 = K. B. | last3 = Charif | first3 = R. A. | last4 = Rapaport | first4 = L. | last5 = Osborn | first5 = F. | year = 1991 | title = African elephants respond to distant playbacks of low-frequency conspecific calls | journal = J. Exp. Biol. | volume = 157 | pages = 35–46 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.157.1.35 }}

*{{cite journal | last1 = Langbauer | first1 = W. R. Jr | last2 = Payne | first2 = K. B. | last3 = Charif | first3 = R. A. | last4 = Thomas | first4 = E. M. | year = 1990 | title = Responses of captive African elephants to playback of low-frequency calls | journal = Can. J. Zool. | volume = 67 | issue = 10 | pages = 2604–2607 | doi=10.1139/z89-368}}

*{{cite journal | last1 = Moss | first1 = R | last2 = Lockie | first2 = I | year = 1979 | title = Infrasonic components in the song of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus | journal = Ibis | volume = 121 | pages = 95–97 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1979.tb05021.x}}