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Known as the "enigmatic [[hominoid]]", ''Oreopithecus'' can dramatically rewrite the palaeontological map depending on whether it is a descendant of the European ape ''[[Dryopithecus]]'' or an African [[Anthropoidea|anthropoid]].<ref name="Agustí"/> Some have suggested the unique locomotory behavior of ''Oreopithecus'' requires a revision of the current consensus on the timing of bipedality in human developmental history, but there is limited agreement on this point among [[paleontologist]]s.
Simons (1960) considered ''Oreopithecus'' closely related to the early Oligocene ''[[Apidium]]'', a small arboreal anthropoid that lived nearly 34 million years ago in Egypt.<ref name="Simons-1960">{{harvnb|Simons|1960}}</ref> ''Oreopithecus'' shows strong links to modern apes in its [[postcranium]] and, in this respect, it is the most modern Miocene ape below the neck, with closest similarities to the postcranial elements of ''[[Dryopithecus]]'', but its dentition is adapted to a leafy diet and a close link is uncertain. Others claim it to be either the sister taxon to [[Cercopithecoidea]] or an even direct human ancestor, but it is usually placed in its own subfamily within [[Hominidae]]. It could instead be added to the same subfamily as ''Dryopithecus'', perhaps as a distinct tribe (Oreopithecini).<ref name="Delson-2000">{{harvnb|Delson|Tattersall|Van Couvering|2000| p=465}}</ref> A cladistic analysis of ''Nyanzapithecus alesi'' recovers ''Oreopithecus'' as a member of the proconsulid subfamily [[Nyanzapithecinae]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Isaiah |last1=Nengo |first2=Paul |last2=Tafforeau |first3=Christopher C. |last3=Gilbert |first4=John G. |last4=Fleagle |first5=Ellen R. |last5=Miller |first6=Craig |last6=Feibel |first7=David L. |last7=Fox |first8=Josh |last8=Feinberg |first9=Kelsey D. |last9=Pugh |first10=Camille |last10=Berruyer |first11=Sara |last11=Mana |first12=Zachary |last12=Engle |first13=Fred |last13=Spoor |display-authors=6 |year=2017 |title=New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution |journal=Nature |volume=548 |issue=7666 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1038/nature23456|pmid=28796200 |bibcode=2017Natur.548..169N |s2cid=4397839 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1570349/1/Spoor_Nengo-et-al_text.pdf }}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==
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|journal=PNAS |date=October 14, 1997 |volume=94 |issue=21 |pages=11747–11750
|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.21.11747 |pmc=23630 |pmid=9326682
|bibcode=1997PNAS...9411747K
|doi-access=free
}}
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|journal=PNAS |date=5 January 1999 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=313–317
|doi=10.1073/pnas.96.1.313 |pmc=15136 |pmid=9874815
|bibcode=1999PNAS...96..313M
|doi-access=free
}}
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|journal=PNAS |date=20 July 1999 |volume=96 |issue=15 |pages=8795–8799
|doi=10.1073/pnas.96.15.8795 |pmc=17596 |pmid=10411955
|bibcode=1999PNAS...96.8795R
|doi-access=free
}}
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|journal=Nature |volume=186 |issue=4727 |pages=824–826 |date=4 June 1960
|doi=10.1038/186824a0
|bibcode=1960Natur.186..824S
|s2cid=4184784 }}
*{{cite book |last=Spoor |first=Fred <!-- see http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/spoor/research.htm -->
|chapter=The semicircular canal system and locomotor behavior, with special reference to hominin evolution
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