Concepts from multitier programming were pioneered by the [[Hop (software)|Hop]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2012|title=Multitier programming in Hop.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/cacm/SerranoB12.html|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=55|issue=8|pages=53–59|doi=10.1145/2240236.2240253|s2cid=2152326}}</ref> and [[Links (programming language)|Links]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Ezra|date=2006|title=Links: Web Programming Without Tiers.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4709|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fmco/CooperLWY06.html|pages=266–296|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74792-5_12|isbn=978-3-540-74791-8}}</ref> languages
and have found industrial adoption in solutions such as [[Ocsigen]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Balat|first=Vincent|date=2006|title=Ocsigen: typing web interaction with objective Caml.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ml/Balat06.html|pages=84–94|doi=10.1145/1159876.1159889|s2cid=6131454}}</ref> [[Opa (programming language)|Opa]],<ref name=":3">Rajchenbach-Teller, D., & Sinot, Franois-Régis. (2010). Opa: Language support for a sane, safe and secure web. ''Proceedings of the OWASP AppSec Research'', ''2010''(1).</ref> [[WebSharper]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Bjornson|first1=Joel|last2=Tayanovskyy|first2=Anton|last3=Granicz|first3=Adam|date=2010|title=Composing Reactive GUIs in F# Using WebSharper|journal=Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages|page=49|___location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-24276-2_13}}</ref> [[Meteor (web framework)|Meteor]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Strack, Isaac|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823718999|title=Getting started with Meteor JavaScript framework|date=January 2012|isbn=978-1-78216-083-0|___location=Birmingham|oclc=823718999}}</ref> or [[Google Web Toolkit|GWT]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT: building for the web with Google Web toolkit 2|date=2011|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-70563-1|___location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=606556208}}</ref>
