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Languages which are strongly associated with functional programming, such as [[Lisp programming language|Lisp]], [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]], [[ML programming language|ML]], and [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], all support first-class functions. Other languages which also support them include [[Io programming language|Io]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[ECMAScript]] ([[JavaScript]]), [[Lua programming language|Lua]], [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]] and [[Scala programming language|Scala]]. Also [[Perl]] supports first-class functions (passed using references to them).
The modern, natively compiled programming languages support functions defined statically at compile time. Most of them, e.g. [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[Pascal programming language|Pascal]], additionally support function pointers, which can be stored in data structures and passed as arguments to other functions. Nevertheless, they are not considered to support first class functions, since, in general, functions cannot be created dynamically during the execution of a program. The closest analog would be a dynamically compiled function created by a [[just-in-time compiler]], which is compiled as an array of [[machine language]] instructions in memory and then cast to a function pointer. However, this technique is specific to the underlying hardware architecture and is, therefore, neither general nor portable. The [[C++]] programming language supports user-defined operators, including the '()' operator, which allows first-class objects to be treated as functions. Those objects can be manipulated just like any other first-class object in C++, but such manipulations do not include changing the function itself at runtime. Additionally, real Lambdas (see [[Lambda_calculus|Lambda Calculus]]) have no language support in the last C++ standard (although there may be in [[C++0x]]).
==See also==
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