Creative visualization: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:49, 28 November 2021

Revision as of 23:18, 25 April 2022

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In this discussion, Cicero observed that allusions to "the [[Gulf of Gabès|Syrtis]] of his patrimony" and "the [[Charybdis]] of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched"; and he advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively) — on the grounds that, "The eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only heard."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ciceroonoratorya00ciceuoft#page/239/mode/1upWatson, J.S. (trans. and ed.), ''Cicero on Oratory and Orators'', Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239.]</ref>

The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer's]] (c.1387) [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale|Man of Law's Tale]] in his [[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]], where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"—namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind.".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/canterburyprol00chauuoft#page/78/mode/1up ''The Man of Laws Tale'', lines 550-553.]</ref>

==Visual and non-visual mental imagery==

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*Slotnick, S. D., Thompson, W. L., and Kosslyn, S. M., Visual memory and visual mental imagery recruit common control and sensory regions of the brain. Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp14–20.</ref>

'''Stage 1''' is "Image''image Generation".generation'', Thiswhich involves generating mental imagery, from [[memory]], from [[Fantasy (psychology)|fantasy]], or a combination of both.<ref>

*Pearson, D. G., Mental imagery and creative thought. Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 147, 2007, pp187–212.

*Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994.

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*Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., Guisberti, F., and Massironi, M. (1998). Memory and imagery: A visual trace is not a mental image. In M. Conway, S. Gathercole, and C. Cornoldi (Eds.), Theories of memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, pp87-110.</ref>

'''Stage 2''' is "Image Maintenance". This involves''image themaintenance''—the intentional sustaining or maintaining of imagery, without which a mental image is subject to rapid [[Decay theory|decay]], and does not remain for sufficient duration to proceed to the next stages.<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994.</ref>

'''Stage 3''' is "Image''image Inspection"inspection''. In this stage, once generated and maintained, a mental image is inspected and explored, elaborated in detail, and interpreted in relation to the participant.<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp635–642.</ref> This often involves a scanning process, by which the participant directs attention across and around an image, simulating shifts in perceptual [[Point of view (philosophy)|perspective]].<ref>

*Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press., 1994.

*Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.

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*Pylyshyn, Z. W., The imagery debate. Analog media versus tacit knowledge. Psychological Review, Vol. 88, No. 1, 1981, pp16–45.</ref>

'''Stage 4''' is "Image''image Transformation".transformation'', Inin this stage,which the participant transforms, modifies, or alters the content of generated mental imagery, in such a way as toito substitute images that provoke negative feelings, are indicative ofindicate [[suffering]], and exacerbate psychological pain, orpain—or that reaffirm disability or debilitation, for those that elicit positive emotion, and are suggestive of autonomy, ability to cope, and an increased degree of mental [[aptitude]] and [[Human body|physical]] ability.<ref>

*Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking, pp1–23. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001.

*Shepard, R. N., and Cooper, L. A., Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982.

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==Absorption and attention==

For the participant to benefit from this staged process of creative visualization, he or she must be capable of or susceptible to [[Absorption (psychology)|absorption]], which is an "...openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences"."<ref>Tellegen, A., and Atkinson, G., Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (absorption), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1974, pp268–277.</ref><ref>Tellegen, A., A brief manual for the differential personality questionnaire. Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 1982.</ref>

Furthermore, the process of processing visual images places demands upon cognitive attentional resources, including [[working memory]].<ref>Bexton, W. H., Heron, W., and Scott, T. H., Effects of decreased variation in the sensory environment. Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1954, pp70–76.</ref><ref>Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., and Smeets, M. A. M., Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2011, pp32–37.</ref>

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==Guided imagery==

Although, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people<ref>Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909.</ref><ref>Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref> and even with visual images remaining the most extensively [[research]]ed and documented in [[Scientific method|scientific]] literature,<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.</ref><ref>Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.</ref> the term "''creative visualization"'' isappears far less frequently used in scientific, [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]], and [[Scholarly method|scholarly publications]] than the term ''guided imagery'', which research authors commonly use to indicate the generation, maintenance, inspection, and transformation of mental imagery across all modalities, and to refer exclusively and specifically to the processing of visual imagery. Also, some authors use the term "''creative visualization"'' interchangeably with "''guided imagery"''. Meanwhile, others refer to guided imagery in a way to indicate that it includes creative visualization.<ref>Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Creative Visualization] with those containing 'Guided Imagery' [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 Guided Imagery].</ref><ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015</ref>

Furthermore, investigative, [[Clinical trial|clinical]], scientific, and academic authors frequently measure, analyze, and discuss the effects of creative visualization and guided imagery, collectively and inseparably from other mind–body interventions they are commonly combined with—including [[meditation music]] or [[Music therapy|receptive music therapy]], relaxation, [[guided meditation]] or [[Meditation|meditative praxis]], and [[Writing therapy|self-reflective diary-keeping or journaling]]. This often makes it difficult to attribute positive or negative outcomes to any one of the specific techniques.<ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA.</ref><ref>Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87.</ref><ref>Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502.</ref>