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A digital use of a push–pull configuration is the output of TTL and related families. The upper transistor is functioning as an active pull-up, in linear mode, while the lower transistor works digitally. For this reason they are not capable of sourcing as much current as they can ''sink'' (typically 20 times less). Because of the way these circuits are drawn schematically, with two transistors stacked vertically, normally with a level shifting diode in between, they are called "'''totem pole'''" outputs.
A disadvantage of simple push–pull outputs is that two or more of them cannot be connected together, because if one tried to pull while another tried to push, the transistors could be damaged. To avoid this restriction, some push–pull outputs have a third state in which both transistors are switched off. In this state, the output is said to be ''floating'' (or, to use a proprietary term, [[Three-state logic|''tri-stated'']]).
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=== Push–pull transistor output stages ===
[[File:Aura VA 100 Evolution 2 (4061759992) - closeup of output stage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Typical transistor output stage of one channel of a 65 watt stereo amplifier from 1993. The 2 MOSFET push-pull output transistors (''FET2, FET4'') are bolted to the black [[heat sink]]. They are driven by transistors ''Q2, Q5, Q6,'' and ''Q7'']]
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2012}}
Categories include:
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== See also ==
* [[Single-ended triode]]
* [[Push–pull converter]] for more details on implementation
* [[Open collector]]
== References ==
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