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One way to generate candidate patches is to apply [[program mutation|mutation operators]] on the original program. Mutation operators manipulate the original program, potentially via its [[abstract syntax tree]] representation, or a more coarse-grained representation such as operating at the [[Statement (programming)|statement]]-level or [[Block (programming)|block]]-level. Earlier [[Genetic improvement (computer science)|genetic improvement]] approaches operate at the statement level and carry out simple delete/replace operations such as deleting an existing statement or replacing an existing statement with another statement in the same source file.<ref name=genprog2009 /><ref name="genprog2012">{{Cite book |last1=Le Goues |first1=Claire |title=2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) |last2=Dewey-Vogt |first2=Michael |last3=Forrest |first3=Stephanie |last4=Weimer |first4=Westley |date=2012 |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-1067-3 |pages=3–13 |chapter=A Systematic Study of Automated Program Repair: Fixing 55 out of 105 Bugs for $8 Each |citeseerx=10.1.1.661.9690 |doi=10.1109/ICSE.2012.6227211 |s2cid=10987936}}</ref> Recent approaches use more fine-grained operators at the [[abstract syntax tree]] level to generate more diverse set of candidate patches.<ref name=
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