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== {{anchor|missing-value semantics}} Analysis of SQL Null missing-value semantics ==
The groundbreaking work of [[Tomasz Imieliński|T. Imieliński]] and [[Witold Lipski|W. Lipski Jr.]] (1984)<ref name="JACM 1984">{{cite journal|first1 =T. | last1=Imieliński | author-link= Tomasz Imieliński | first2 = W. | last2 = Lipski Jr. | title=Incomplete information in relational databases | journal=[[Journal of the ACM]]|volume=31|issue=4|date= 1984|pages=761–791| doi=10.1145/1634.1886| s2cid=288040 }}</ref> provided a framework in which to evaluate the intended semantics of various proposals to implement missing-value semantics, that is referred to as [[Imieliński-Lipski Algebras]]. This section roughly follows chapter 19 of the "Alice" textbook.<ref>{{Cite book
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==Further reading==
* E. F. Codd. Understanding relations (installment #7). FDT Bulletin of ACM-SIGMOD, 7(3-4):23–28, 1975.
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Codd | first1 = E. F. | title = Extending the database relational model to capture more meaning | doi = 10.1145/320107.320109 | journal = ACM Transactions on Database Systems | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 397–434 | year = 1979 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.508.5701 | s2cid = 17517212 }} Especially §2.3.
* {{cite book|author-link=C.J. Date|last=Date|first=C.J.|year=2000|title=The Database Relational Model: A Retrospective Review and Analysis: A Historical Account and Assessment of E. F. Codd's Contribution to the Field of Database Technology|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Addison Wesley Longman]]|isbn=978-0-201-61294-3|url=https://archive.org/details/databaserelation00date}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Klein | first1 = Hans-Joachim | year = 1994 | title = How to modify SQL queries in order to guarantee sure answers | url = http://www.acm.org/sigmod/record/issues/9409/sql.ps | journal = ACM SIGMOD Record | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 14–20 | doi=10.1145/187436.187445| s2cid = 17354724 }}
* Claude Rubinson, [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~rubinson/scrawl/Rubinson.2007.Nulls_Three-Valued_Logic_and_Ambiguity_in_SQL.pdf Nulls, Three-Valued Logic, and Ambiguity in SQL: Critiquing Date's Critique], SIGMOD Record, December 2007 (Vol. 36, No. 4)
* John Grant, [http://www09.sigmod.org/sigmod/record/issues/0809/p23.grant.pdf Null Values in SQL]. SIGMOD Record, September 2008 (Vol. 37, No. 3)