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In addition to the standard [[JIS X 0201]]:1997 and [[JIS X 0208]]:1997 characters, Windows-31J includes several JIS X 0208 extensions, namely "[[JIS X 0208#0x2D|NEC special characters]] (Row 13), NEC selection of IBM extensions (Rows 89 to 92), and IBM extensions (Rows 115 to 119)",<ref name="iana31j" /> in addition to setting some encoding space aside for [[Private Use Areas#Private-use characters in other character sets|end user definition]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.miloush.net/michkap/archive/2007/05/26/2901371.html | title=The PUA outside of Unicode | author=Kaplan, Michael S | work=Sorting it all out | date=2007-05-26}}</ref> This also differs from [[Code page 932 (IBM)|IBM-932]], which does not include the NEC extensions or NEC selection.<ref name="ibm932v943"/>
The IBM extensions were designed to encode characters from the [[Japanese language in EBCDIC#Double-byte codes|IBM Japanese DBCS-Host]] repertoire which were initially absent in JIS X 0208; the [[because sign|’because’ sign]] ∵ and [[not sign|’not’ sign]] ￢ were later added to JIS X 0208 itself in 1983, and Microsoft includes them at extension locations as well as their 1983 locations.<ref name="lundeE">{{citation|mode=cs1 |title=Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards |work=CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing |last=Lunde |first=Ken |author-link=Ken Lunde |year=2009 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]] |___location=[[Sebastopol, CA]] |isbn=978-0-596-51447-1 |url=https://resources.oreilly.com/examples/9780596514471/blob/master/cjkvip2e-appE.pdf}}</ref> The NEC extensions also encode the entirety of the IBM repertoire, but in a separate extension within the 94×94 JIS X 0208 grid (in rows 89–92, besides the characters already included in [[JIS X 0208#0x2D|NEC row 13]]), rather than using Shift JIS codes beyond the JIS X 0208 range; Windows code page 932 includes these 388 characters in both locations.<ref name="lundeE"/> As a result, the because and not signs are encoded three times.
Some of these representations were subsequently used for different characters by [[JIS X 0213]] and [[Shift JIS-2004]]. For example, compare row 89 in JIS X 0213 (beginning 硃, 硎, 硏…)<ref>{{cite iso-ir |number=233 |title=Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange, Plane 1 |sponsor=Japanese Industrial Standards Committee |sponsor-link=Japanese Industrial Standards Committee |date=2004-04-13}}</ref> to row 89 as used by JIS X 0208 with IBM/NEC extensions (beginning 纊, 褜, 鍈…).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/jis0208.html | title=Index jis0208 visualization | publisher=WHATWG | work=Encoding Standard |last=van Kesteren |first=Anne |author-link=Anne van Kesteren}}</ref> Consequently, Shift JIS-2004 is not compatible with Windows-31J.
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