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In these schemes, the message is modulated on a longer spreading sequence, consisting of several chips (0es and 1es). Due to their very advantageous auto- and crosscorrelation characteristics, these spreading sequences have also been used for radar applications for many decades, where they are called [[Barker code]]s (with a very short sequence length of typically 8 to 32).
For space-based communication applications, CDMA has been used for many decades due to the large path loss and Doppler shift caused by satellite motion. Due to these effects, in those applications neither [[frequency-division multiple access]] (FDMA) nor [[time-division multiple access]] (TDMA) is typically used for signal modulation.{{cn|date=June 2022}} CDMA is often used with [[binary phase-shift keying]] (BPSK) in its simplest form, but can be combined with any modulation scheme like (in advanced cases) [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] (QAM) or [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]] (OFDM), which typically makes it very robust and efficient (and equipping them with accurate ranging capabilities, which is difficult without CDMA). Other schemes use subcarriers based on [[binary offset carrier modulation]] (BOC modulation), which is inspired by [[Manchester code]]s and enable a larger gap between the virtual center frequency and the subcarriers, which is not the case for OFDM subcarriers. Many carriers (such as [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] and [[Verizon (mobile network)|Verizon]]) will shut down 3G CDMA networks in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Allison|date=2021-03-30|title=Verizon will shutter its 3G CDMA by the end of 2022|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/30/22358628/verizon-3g-cdma-shutdown-date-2022|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>
==History==
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