Romanesque Revival architecture: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:28, 23 May 2022

Revision as of 20:21, 1 July 2022

Line 20:

The Romanesque adopted by Penson contrasts with the Italianate Romanesque of other architects such as [[Thomas Henry Wyatt]], who designed Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas Church, in this style at [[Wilton, Wiltshire#Parish church|Wilton]], which was built between 1841 and 1844 for the Dowager Countess of Pembroke and her son, Lord Herbert of Lea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getchurch.php?id=608|title=Wiltshire Community History|publisher=Wiltshire Council}}</ref> During the 19th century, the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Whereas high churches and [[Anglo-Catholic]], which were influenced by the [[Oxford Movement]], were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture]], low churches and broad churches of the period were often built in the Romanesque Revival style. Some of the later examples of this Romanesque Revival architecture is seen in Non-conformist or [[Dissenter|Dissenting]] churches and chapels. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects [[Michael Drury|Drury and Mortimer]], who designed the Mint Lane Baptist Chapel in Lincoln in a debased Italianate Romanesque revival style in 1870.<ref>Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), ''The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire'', Yale University Press. pp. 521–22.</ref> After about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by [[Byzantine Revival architecture]].

<gallery mode="packed">

File:GosfordCastle.jpg|[[Gosford Castle]], Armagh by Thomas Hopper

File:Penrhyn Castle - geograph.org.uk - 206536.jpg|[[Penrhyn Castle]], by Thomas Hopper, 1820–1837

Line 35:

[[University College, Toronto|University College]], one of seven colleges at the [[University of Toronto]], is an example of the Romanesque Revival style.<ref>Jones, Donald. "Building University College Tested John Langton's Skill." ''Toronto Star'', 1 October 1983: G20.</ref> Construction of the final design began on 4 October 1856.<ref>Richards, Larry. ''The Campus Guide: University of Toronto''. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009, 45.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">

File:University College Front Facade.jpg|University College, [[Toronto, Ontario]]

File:Holy Rosary, 2008.jpg|Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]

Line 47:

==United States==

The Church of the Pilgrims—now the [[Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Brooklyn)|Maronite Cathedral of [[Our Lady of Lebanon]]—in [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn]], designed by [[Richard Upjohn]] and built 1844–46, is generally considered the first work of Romanesque Revival architecture in the United States.<ref>Marrone, Francis. ''An Architectural Guidebook to Brooklyn''. Layton, UT: Gibb Smith, 2011, 136–37.</ref> It was soon followed by a more prominent design for the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] in [[Washington, DC]], designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]] and built 1847–51. Renwick allegedly submitted two proposals to the design competition, one Gothic and the other Romanesque in the style. The Smithsonian chose the latter, which was based on designs from German architecture books.<ref name=Poppeliers>Poppeliers, John C. and S. Allen Chambers, Jr. ''What Style Is It?: A Guide to American Architecture''. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003, 54–6.</ref>

Several concurrent forces contributed to the popularizing of the Romanesque Revival in the United States. The first was an influx of German immigrants in the 1840s, who brought the style of the Rundbogenstil with them.<ref name=Poppeliers /> Second, a series of works on the style was published concurrently with the earliest built examples. The first of these, ''Hints on Public Architecture'', written by social reformer [[Robert Dale Owen]] in 1847–48, was prepared for the Building Committee of the Smithsonian Institution and prominently featured illustrations of Renwick's Smithsonian Institution Building. Owen argued that [[Greek Revival architecture]]—then the prevailing style in the United States for everything from churches to banks to private residences—was unsuitable as a national American style. He maintained that the [[Greek temple]]s upon which the style was based had neither the windows, chimneys, nor stairs required by modern buildings, and that the low-pitched temple roofs and tall [[colonnade]]s were ill-adapted to cold northern climates. To Owen, most Greek Revival buildings thus lacked architectural truth, because they attempted to hide 19th-century necessities behind classical temple facades.<ref name=Owen>Owen, Robert Dale. ''Hints on Public Architecture''. New York: George P. Putnam, 1849.</ref> In its place, he offered that the Romanesque style was ideal for a more flexible and economic American architecture.<ref name=Meeks>Meeks, Carroll L.V. "Romanesque Before Richardson in the United States." ''The Art Bulletin'' 23, no. 1 (1953): 17–33.</ref>

Line 60:

<!--please try to choose works that are ''not'' Richardsonian Romanesque, as many of them are not characteristically representative of Romanesque Revival. Yes, but Richardson must be mentioned in the article, with a link to the Richardsonian Romanesque article, with its own gallery.-->

<gallery mode="packed">

SmithsonianCastel 07120014.jpg|The [[Smithsonian Institution Building]], an early example of American Romanesque Revival designed by [[James Renwick Jr.]] in 1855

File:IIT Main Building.jpg|Main building, [[Illinois Institute of Technology]]

Line 74:

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed">

File:Rakovski Military Academy.JPG|[[Georgi Rakovski Military Academy]], [[Sofia]], Bulgaria

File:Budai Várnegyed, Halászbástya nyugat felől. - panoramio.jpg|[[Fisherman's Bastion]], [[Budapest]], Hungary