Passive sampling: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:25, 4 August 2021

Revision as of 21:05, 3 July 2022

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[[File:Silicon firefighter tag.jpg|thumb|A [[firefighter]] wearing a [[silicone]] passive sampler on an elastic necklace, shaped like a [[dog tag]]]]

'''Passive sampling''' is an [[environmental monitoring]] technique involving the use of a collecting medium, such as a man-made device or biological [[organism]], to accumulate chemical [[pollutant]]s in the environment over time. This is in contrast to [[Environmental monitoring#Grab samples|grab sampling]], which involves taking a sample directly from the media of interest at one point in time. In passive sampling, average chemical concentrations are calculated over a device's deployment time, which avoids the need to visit a sampling site multiple times to collect multiple representative samples.<ref name = Main>{{cite journal |last1=Górecki |first1=Tadeusz |last2=Namieśnik |first2=Jacek |title=Passive sampling |journal=Trends in Analytical Chemistry |date=2002 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=276–291 |doi=10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00407-7 }}</ref> Currently, passive samplers have been developed and deployed to detect toxic metals, [[pesticide]]s, [[Drug|pharmaceuticals]], [[radionuclide]]s, [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs), [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs), and other organic compounds in water,<ref name = Chem1>{{cite journal |last1=Charriau |first1=Adeline |last2=Lissalde |first2=Sophie |last3=Poulier |first3=Gaëlle |last4=Mazzella |first4=Nicolas |last5=Buzier |first5=Rémy |last6=Guibaud |first6=Gilles |title=Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part A: Principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler |journal=Talanta |date=2016 |volume=148 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.064 |pages=556–571|pmid=26653485 }}</ref><ref name = Chem2>{{cite journal |last1=Lissalde |first1=Sophie |last2=Charriau |first2=Adeline |last3=Poulier |first3=Gaëlle |last4=Mazzella |first4=Nicolas |last5=Buzier |first5=Rémy |last6=Giubaud |first6=Giles |title=Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part B: Field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects |journal=Talanta |date=2016 |volume=148 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.076 |pages=572–582|pmid=26653486 }}</ref><ref name = Brumbaugh>{{cite journal |last1=Brumbaugh |first1=WG |last2=Petty |first2=JD |last3=Huckins |first3=JN |last4=Manahan |first4=SE |title=Stabilized Liquid Membrane Device (SLMD) for the Passive, Integrative Sampling of Labile Metals in Water |journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution |date=2002 |volume=133 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1023/A:1012923529742 |bibcode=2002WASP..133..109B |s2cid=93497819 }}</ref><ref name = POCISSPMD>{{cite web |title=Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring Studies |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm1d4/ |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> while some passive samplers can detect hazardous substances in the air.<ref name = Sigma>{{cite web |title=Passive (Diffusive) Sampling Overview |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/air-monitoring/passive-sampling.html |website=Sigma-Aldrich |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name = LichData>{{cite web |title=Lichen Monitoring in US National Forests and Parks Reports, Publications and Other Resources |url=http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/?page=reports |website=National Lichens & Air Quality Database and Clearinghouse |publisher=United States Forest Service |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name = Tubes />

==Theory and application==

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=== Microporous polyethylene tubes (MPT) ===

Microporous polyethylene tubes (MPT) attempt to mitigate the flow-dependency of other kinetic passive samplers such as Chemcatcher and POCIS by introducing a thicker membrane.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fauvelle|first1=Vincent|last2=Kaserzon|first2=Sarit L.|last3=Montero|first3=Natalia|last4=Lissalde|first4=Sophie|last5=Allan|first5=Ian J.|last6=Mills|first6=Graham|last7=Mazzella|first7=Nicolas|last8=Mueller|first8=Jochen F.|last9=Booij|first9=Kees|date=2017-03-07|title=Dealing with Flow Effects on the Uptake of Polar Compounds by Passive Samplers|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00558|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=2536–2537|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b00558|pmid=28225255|bibcode=2017EnST...51.2536F|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> The diffusive polyethylene layer prevents the thickness of the water-boundary layer (which is affected by flow) from dominating diffusion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fauvelle|first1=Vincent|last2=Montero|first2=Natalia|last3=Mueller|first3=Jochen F.|last4=Banks|first4=Andrew|last5=Mazzella|first5=Nicolas|last6=Kaserzon|first6=Sarit L.|date=2017|title=Glyphosate and AMPA passive sampling in freshwater using a microporous polyethylene diffusion sampler|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28886558/|journal=Chemosphere|volume=188|pages=241–248|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.013|issn=1879-1298|pmid=28886558|bibcode=2017Chmsp.188..241F}}</ref> The tube is filled with sorbents depending on the chemicals or chemical groups being sampled and has been successfully used to sample glyphosate, AMPA, illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals and personal care products.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-20|title=Calibration and validation of a microporous polyethylene passive sampler for quantitative estimation of illicit drug and pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) concentrations in wastewater influent|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719358863|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=704|pages=135891|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135891|issn=0048-9697|last1=McKay|first1=Sarah|last2=Tscharke|first2=Ben|last3=Hawker|first3=Darryl|last4=Thompson|first4=Kristie|last5=O'Brien|first5=Jake|last6=Mueller|first6=Jochen F.|last7=Kaserzon|first7=Sarit|pmid=31838300|bibcode=2020ScTEn.704m5891M|s2cid=209386153 }}</ref>

===Peepers===