Content deleted Content added
m →History: There doesn't seem to be a reason for this link |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: s2cid. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 1394/3850 |
||
Line 10:
== History ==
Parallel coordinates were often said to be invented by [[Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne]] in 1885,<ref name="pc-first">{{cite book |last=d'Ocagne |first=Maurice |year=1885 |title=Coordonnées parallèles et axiales : Méthode de transformation géométrique et procédé nouveau de calcul graphique déduits de la considération des coordonnées parallèles |publisher=Paris: Gauthier-Villars |url=https://archive.org/details/coordonnesparal00ocaggoog }}</ref> but even though the words "Coordonnées parallèles" appear in the book title this work has nothing to do with the visualization techniques of the same name; the book only describes a method of coordinate transformation. But even before 1885, parallel coordinates were used, for example in Henry Gannetts "General Summary, Showing the Rank of States, by Ratios, 1880",<ref name="hg">{{cite journal |first=Henry |last=Gannett |title=General Summary Showing the Rank of States by Ratios 1880 |url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~32803~1152181:General-summary,-showing-the-rank-o?sort=Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort&qvq=q:List_No%3D%274521.152%27%22%2B;sort:Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=0&trs=1 }}</ref> or afterwards in Henry Gannetts "Rank of States and Territories in Population at Each Census, 1790-1890" in 1898. They were popularised again 87 years later by [[Alfred Inselberg]]<ref name="pc">{{cite journal |first=Alfred |last=Inselberg |title=The Plane with Parallel Coordinates |journal=Visual Computer |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=69–91 |year=1985 |doi=10.1007/BF01898350 |s2cid=15933827 }}</ref> in 1985 and systematically developed as a coordinate system starting from 1977. Some important applications are in [[Traffic collision avoidance system|collision avoidance algorithms]] for [[air traffic control]] (1987—3 USA patents), [[data mining]] (USA patent), [[computer vision]] (USA patent), Optimization, [[process control]], more recently in [[Intrusion detection system|intrusion detection]] and elsewhere.
==Higher dimensions==
Line 28:
== Reading ==
Inselberg ({{harvnb|Inselberg|1997|p= }}) made a full review of how to visually read out parallel coords' relational patterns.<ref>{{citation|last1=Inselberg |first1=A.|year=1997 |chapter=Multidimensional detective |title=Information Visualization, 1997. Proceedings., IEEE Symposium on |isbn=0-8186-8189-6|pages=100–107|doi=10.1109/INFVIS.1997.636793|s2cid=1823293 }}</ref> When most lines between two parallel axis are somewhat parallel to each other, it suggests a positive relationship between these two dimensions. When lines cross in a kind of superposition of X-shapes, it's a negative relationship. When lines cross randomly or are parallel, it shows there is no particular relationship.
== Limitations ==
Line 38:
| pages=1009
| ___location=New York City, NY | year=2013 | doi=10.1145/2463676.2463696| isbn=9781450320375
| s2cid=14850709
}}</ref> A prototype of this visualization is available as extension to the data mining software [[ELKI]]. However, the visualization is harder to interpret and interact with than a linear order.
| |||