Synchronization: Difference between revisions

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Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref> This is different from mimicry, which occurs after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Line dance]] and [[military step]] are examples.

[[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}}

In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090|doi-access=free}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony.