Power system operations and control: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:12, 24 July 2022

Revision as of 20:12, 24 July 2022

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{{Short description|Power plant operation}}

{{Draft topics|technology}}

{{AfC topic|stem}}

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'''Power system operations''' is a term used in [[electricity generation]] to describe the process of [[decision-making]] on the timescale from one day ('''day-ahead operation'''{{sfn|Conejo|Baringo|2017|p=9}}) to minutes{{sfn|Conejo|Baringo|2017|p=10}} prior to the [[power delivery]]. The corresponding [[engineering branch]] is called '''Power System Operations and Control'''. Electricity is hard to store, so at any moment the supply (generation) shall be balanced with demand. In an electrical grid the task of real-time balancing is performed by a regional-based control center, run by an electric utility in the traditional ([[vertical integration#Electric utilities|vertically integrated]]) electricity market. In the restructured [[North American power transmission grid]], these centers belong to ''[[balancing authority|balancing authorities]]'', numbered 74 in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. electric system is made up of interconnections and balancing authorities |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27152 |website=eia.gov |publisher=[[United States Energy Information Administration]] |access-date=31 May 2022 |date=20 July 2016}}</ref>, the entities responsible for operations are also called [[independent system operator]]s, transmission system operators. The other form of balancing resources of multiple power plants is a [[power pool]].{{sfn|Bhattacharya|Bollen|Daalder|2012|pp=54}}

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Day-ahead operation schedules the generation units that can be called upon to provide the electricity on the next day ('''unit commitment'''). The [[dispatchable generation]] units can produce electricity on demand and thus can be scheduled with accuracy. The production of the weather-dependent [[variable renewable energy]] for the next day is not certain, its sources are thus non-dispatchable. This variability, coupled with uncertain future power demand and the need to accommodate possible generation and [[electricity transmission|transmission]] failures requires scheduling of [[operating reserve]]s that are not expected to produce electricity, but can be dispatched on a very short notice.{{sfn|Conejo|Baringo|2017|p=9}}

Some units have unique features that require their commitment much earlier: for example, the [[nuclear power station]]s take a very long time to start, while hydroelectric plants require planning of water resources usage way in advance, therefore commitment decisions for these are made weeks or even months before prior to the delivery.<ref name=psu>{{cite web |author1-link= |title=Economic Dispatch and Operations of Electric Utilities |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme801/node/532 |website=psu.edu |publisher=[[Penn State University]] |___location=EME 801 Energy Markets, Policy, and Regulation}}</ref>

For a "traditional" [[vertical integration#Electric utilities|vertically integrated electric utility]] the main goal of the unit commitment is to minimize both the [[marginal cost]] of producing the unit electricity and the (quite significant for fossil fuel generation) start-up costs. In a "restructured" [[electricity market]] a [[market clearing]] algorithm is utilized, frequently in a form of an [[auction]]; the [[merit order]] is sometimes defined not just by the monetary costs, but also by the environmental concerns.{{sfn|Conejo|Baringo|2017|p=9}}

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* {{cite web |last1=McCalley |first1=James D. |title=Introduction to System Operation, Optimization, and Control |url=https://home.engineering.iastate.edu/~jdm/ee553/Intro.pdf |website=iastate.edu |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}

* {{cite book | first1 = Allen J. | last1=Wood | first2 = Bruce F. | last2 = Wollenberg | date = 1984 | title = Power Generation, Operation, and Control | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | pages = | isbn = 978-0-471-09182-0 | oclc = 1085785794 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dwRtAAAAIAAJ}}

[[:Category:Electric power generation]]

[[:Category:Electric power generation]]

{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=May 2022}}

[[Category:Power engineering]]

[[Category:Electric power infrastructure]]

[[Category:Power station technology]]