Multitier programming: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:06, 27 July 2022

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{{Short description|Programming paradigm}}

'''Multitier programming''' (or '''tierless programming''') is a [[programming paradigm]] for [[distributed computing|distributed software]], which typically follows a [[multitier architecture]], physically separating different functional aspects of the software into different ''tiers'' (e.g., the client, the server and the database in a Web application<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hull|first1=Richard|last2=Thiemann|first2=Peter|last3=Wadler|first3=Philip|date=2007|title=07051 Working Group Outcomes – Programming Paradigms for the Web: Web Programming and Web Services|url=http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2007/1127|journal=Programming Paradigms for the Web: Web Programming and Web Services|series=Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings|___location=Dagstuhl, Germany|publisher=Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik (IBFI)|volume=07051}}</ref>). Multitier programming allows functionalities that span multiple of such tiers to be developed in a single compilation unit using a single [[programming language]]. Without multitier programming, tiers are developed using different languages, e.g., [[JavaScript]] for the Web client, [[PHP]] for the Web server and [[SQL]] for the database.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weisenburger|first1=Pascal|last2=Wirth|first2=Johannes|last3=Salvaneschi|first3=Guido|title=A Survey of Multitier Programming|journal=ACM Comput. Surv.|date=2020|volume=53|issue=4|pages=81:1–81:35|doi=10.1145/3397495|s2cid=218517772 }}</ref> Multitier programming is often integrated into [[general-purpose language]]s by extending them with support for distribution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caldwell|first1=Sam |editor1-last=Miller|editor1-first=Heather|title=Programming Models for Distributed Computing|date=2016|chapter=General Purpose Languages Extended for Distribution|chapter-url=http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/5/langs-extended-for-dist.html}}</ref>

Concepts from multitier programming were pioneered by the [[Hop (software)|Hop]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2012|title=Multitier programming in Hop.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/cacm/SerranoB12.html|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=55|issue=8|pages=53–59|doi=10.1145/2240236.2240253|s2cid=2152326}}</ref> and [[Links (programming language)|Links]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Ezra|date=2006|title=Links: Web Programming Without Tiers.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4709|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fmco/CooperLWY06.html|pages=266–296|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74792-5_12|isbn=978-3-540-74791-8}}</ref> languages

and have found industrial adoption in solutions such as Ocsigen,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Balat|first=Vincent|date=2006|title=Ocsigen: typing web interaction with objective Caml.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ml/Balat06.html|pages=84–94|doi=10.1145/1159876.1159889|s2cid=6131454}}</ref> [[Opa (programming language)|Opa]],<ref name=":3">Rajchenbach-Teller, D., & Sinot, Franois-Régis. (2010). Opa: Language support for a sane, safe and secure web. ''Proceedings of the OWASP AppSec Research'', ''2010''(1).</ref> [[WebSharper]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Bjornson|first1=Joel|last2=Tayanovskyy|first2=Anton|last3=Granicz|first3=Adam|date=2010|title=Composing Reactive GUIs in F# Using WebSharper|journal=Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=6647 |page=49|___location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-24276-2_13|isbn=978-3-642-24275-5 }}</ref> [[Meteor (web framework)|Meteor]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Strack, Isaac|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823718999|title=Getting started with Meteor JavaScript framework|date=January 2012|isbn=978-1-78216-083-0|___location=Birmingham|oclc=823718999}}</ref> or [[Google Web Toolkit|GWT]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT: building for the web with Google Web toolkit 2|date=2011|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-70563-1|___location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=606556208}}</ref>

== Context ==

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== List of multitier programming languages ==

* Hop/Hop.js<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2012|title=Multitier programming in Hop.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/cacm/SerranoB12.html|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=55|issue=8|pages=53–59|doi=10.1145/2240236.2240253|s2cid=2152326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2006|title=Hop: a language for programming the web 2.0.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/oopsla/SerranoGL06.html|pages=975–985|doi=10.1145/1176617.1176756|s2cid=14306230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2016|title=A glimpse of Hopjs.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icfp/SerranoP16.html|pages=180–192|doi=10.1145/2951913.2951916|isbn=9781450342193|s2cid=18393160 }}</ref>

* Links<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Ezra|date=2006|title=Links: Web Programming Without Tiers.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4709|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fmco/CooperLWY06.html|pages=266–296|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74792-5_12|isbn=978-3-540-74791-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fowler|first=Simon|date=2019|title=Exceptional asynchronous session types: session types without tiers.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/pacmpl/FowlerLMD19.html|journal=Proc. ACM Program. Lang.|volume=3|issue=POPL|pages=28:1–28:29|doi=10.1145/3290341|s2cid=57757469}}</ref>

*Ur/Web<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chlipala|first=Adam|date=2015|title=Ur/Web: A Simple Model for Programming the Web.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/popl/Chlipala15.html|pages=153–165|doi=10.1145/2676726.2677004|s2cid=9440677}}</ref>

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*AmbientTalk/R<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carreton|first=Andoni Lombide|date=2010|title=Loosely-Coupled Distributed Reactive Programming in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=6141|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/tools/CarretonMCM10.html|pages=41–60|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-13953-6_3|isbn=978-3-642-13952-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dedecker|first=Jessie|date=2006|title=Ambient-Oriented Programming in AmbientTalk.|chapter=Ambient-Oriented Programming in Ambient ''Talk''|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4067|chapter-url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/DedeckerCMDM06.html|pages=230–254|doi=10.1007/11785477_16|isbn=978-3-540-35726-1}}</ref>

*ML5<ref>{{Cite book|last=VII|first=Tom Murphy|date=2007|title=Type-Safe Distributed Programming with ML5.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4912|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/tgc/VIICH07.html|pages=108–123|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78663-4_9|isbn=978-3-540-78662-7}}</ref>

*WebSharper<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Bjornson|first1=Joel|last2=Tayanovskyy|first2=Anton|last3=Granicz|first3=Adam|date=2010|title=Composing Reactive GUIs in F# Using WebSharper|journal=Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Implementation and Application of Functional Languages|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=6647 |page=49|___location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-24276-2_13|isbn=978-3-642-24275-5 }}</ref>

*Haste<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ekblad|first1=Anton|last2=Claessen|first2=Koen|date=2015-05-11|title=A seamless, client-centric programming model for type safe web applications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2775050.2633367|journal=ACM SIGPLAN Notices|volume=49|issue=12|pages=79–89|doi=10.1145/2775050.2633367|issn=0362-1340}}</ref>

*Fun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fun (a programming language for the realtime web)|url=http://marcuswest.in/essays/fun-intro/|website=marcuswest.in|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

*Koka<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leijen|first=Daan|date=2014|title=Koka: Programming with Row Polymorphic Effect Types.|journal=Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science|volume=153|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/Leijen14.html|pages=100–126|doi=10.4204/EPTCS.153.8|arxiv=1406.2061|s2cid=14902937}}</ref>

*Multi-Tier Calculus<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neubauer|first=Matthias|date=2005|title=From sequential programs to multi-tier applications by program transformation.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/popl/NeubauerT05.html|pages=221–232|doi=10.1145/1040305.1040324|isbn=158113830X|s2cid=10338936}}</ref>

*Swift<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ChongStephen|last2=LiuJed|last3=C|first3=MyersAndrew|last4=QiXin|last5=VikramK|last6=ZhengLantian|last7=ZhengXin|date=2007-10-14|title=Secure web applications via automatic partitioning|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1323293.1294265|journal=ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review|volume=41|issue=6|pages=31–44|language=EN|doi=10.1145/1323293.1294265|hdl=1813/5769 }}</ref>

*Volta<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manolescu|first=Dragos|date=2008|title=Volta: Developing Distributed Applications by Recompiling.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/software/ManolescuBL08.html|journal=IEEE Software|volume=25|issue=5|pages=53–59|doi=10.1109/MS.2008.131|s2cid=24360031}}</ref>

*GWT<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT: building for the web with Google Web toolkit 2|date=2011|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-70563-1|___location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=606556208}}</ref>

*Meteor<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Strack, Isaac|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823718999|title=Getting started with Meteor JavaScript framework|date=January 2012|isbn=978-1-78216-083-0|___location=Birmingham|oclc=823718999}}</ref>

*J-Orchestra<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tilevich|first=Eli|date=2002|title=J-Orchestra: Automatic Java Application Partitioning.|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=2374|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/TilevichS02.html|pages=178–204|doi=10.1007/3-540-47993-7_8|hdl=1853/6531 |isbn=978-3-540-43759-8}}</ref>

*Hiphop<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berry|first1=Gérard|last2=Nicolas|first2=Cyprien|last3=Serrano|first3=Manuel|date=2011|title=Hiphop|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2093328.2093337|journal=Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Programming Language and Systems Technologies for Internet Clients - PLASTIC '11|page=49|___location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/2093328.2093337|isbn=978-1-4503-1171-7|s2cid=1280230}}</ref>

*Distributed Orc<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thywissen|first=John A.|date=2016|title=Implicitly Distributing Pervasively Concurrent Programs: Extended abstract.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/ThywissenPC16.html|pages=1|doi=10.1145/2957319.2957370|s2cid=6124391}}</ref>