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== Working memory ==
Models of working memory primarily focused on declarative until Oberauer suggested that declarative and procedural memory may be processed differently in working memory.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S007974210951002X|last=Oberauer|first=Klaus|pages=45–100|doi=10.1016/s0079-7421(09)51002-x|title=The Psychology of Learning and Motivation|volume=51|year=2009|isbn=9780123744890|chapter=Chapter 2 Design for a Working Memory|s2cid=53933457 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/28472/1/Oberauer_PLM_2009.pdf}}</ref> The working memory model is thought to be divided into two subcomponents; one is responsible for declarative, while the other represents procedural memory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oberauer|first1=Klaus|last2=Souza|first2=Alessandra S.|last3=Druey|first3=Michel D.|last4=Gade|first4=Miriam|title=Analogous mechanisms of selection and updating in declarative and procedural working memory: Experiments and a computational model|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=157–211|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.11.001|pmid=23276689|year=2013|s2cid=20150745|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8e793c2e35ed77d166cd4b3f0556304e26d09f62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Souza|first1=Alessandra da Silva|last2=Oberauer|first2=Klaus|last3=Gade|first3=Miriam|last4=Druey|first4=Michel D.|date=1 May 2012|title=Processing of representations in declarative and procedural working memory|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1006–1033|doi=10.1080/17470218.2011.640403|issn=1747-0218|pmid=22332900|s2cid=27824663}}</ref> These two subsections are considered to be largely independent of each other.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gade|first1=Miriam|last2=Druey|first2=Michel D.|last3=Souza|first3=Alessandra S.|last4=Oberauer|first4=Klaus|title=Interference within and between declarative and procedural representations in working memory|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|volume=76|pages=174–194|doi=10.1016/j.jml.2014.07.002|year=2014}}</ref> It has also been determined that the process for selection may be very similar in nature when considering either modality of working memory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gade|first1=Miriam|last2=Souza|first2=Alessandra S.|last3=Druey|first3=Michel D.|last4=Oberauer|first4=Klaus|date=1 January 2017|title=Analogous selection processes in declarative and procedural working memory: N-2 list-repetition and task-repetition costs|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.3758/s13421-016-0645-4|pmid=27517876|issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Acquisition of skill==
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A device used to study visual-motor tracking skills and [[hand–eye coordination]] by requiring the participant to follow a moving object with a [[cursor (computers)|cursor]]<ref name="Cognitive Atlas">{{Cite web | url=http://www.cognitiveatlas.org | title=Cognitive Atlas}}</ref> or use a [[stylus]] to follow the target on a computer screen or a turntable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://149.142.158.188/phenowiki/wiki/index.php/Pursuit_Rotor_Task |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220537/http://149.142.158.188/phenowiki/wiki/index.php/Pursuit_Rotor_Task |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> With the computer screen version, the participant follows a dot on a circular path like the one shown below.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://peblblog.blogspot.com/2010/04/pursuit-rotor-task.html | title=PEBL Blog: The Pursuit Rotor Task| date=24 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:PursuitRotor.png|thumb|Screenshot of a computerized version of the pursuit rotor task.]]
The pursuit rotor task is a simple pure visual-motor tracking test that has consistent results within age groups.<ref name="Lang">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0191-8869(81)90025-8 | volume=2 | issue=3 | title=Learning and reminiscence in the pursuit rotor performance of normal and depressed subjects | journal=Personality and Individual Differences | pages=207–213 | year=1981 | last1 = Lang | first1 = Rudie J.}}</ref> This displays a measurement of procedural memory as well as demonstrates the participant's [[fine motor skill]]s. The pursuit rotor task tests the fine-motor skills which are controlled by the motor cortex illustrated by the green section below. [[File:Cerebral lobes.png|thumb]]<ref name="Allen">{{cite journal | last1 = Allen | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = S.W. | last3 = Castro-Caldas | first3 = A. | last4 = Cavaco | first4 = S. | last5 = Damasio | first5 = H. | year = 2004 | title = The scope of preserved procedural memory in amnesia | journal = Brain | volume = 127 | issue = 8| pages = 1853–67 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh208 | pmid = 15215216 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The results are then calculated by the participant's time-on and time-off the object. Amnesic participants show no impairment in this motor task when tested at later trials. It does however seem to be affected by lack of sleep and drug use.<ref name="Dotto">{{cite journal | last1 = Dotto | first1 = L | year = 1996 | title = Sleep Stages, Memory and Learning | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 154 | issue = 8| pages = 1193–6 | pmid = 8612256 | pmc = 1487644 }}</ref>
===Serial reaction time task===
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{{further|topic=alcohol|Alcohol beverage}}
{{further|topic=the effects of alcohol on memory|Effect of Alcohol on Memory}}
While the [[Alcohol (drug)|effects of alcohol]] have been studied immensely, even with respect to memory, there is limited research examining the effects of alcohol on procedural memory. Research conducted by Pitel A. L. et al. suggests that alcoholism impairs the ability to acquire semantic concepts. In this study, while semantic concepts were understood, procedural memory was often not automated. A potential reason for this finding is that poor learning strategies are used by alcoholics compared to non-alcoholics.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pitel | first1 = A. L. | last2 = Witkowski | first2 = T. | last3 = Vabret | first3 = F. | last4 = Guillery-Girard | first4 = B. | last5 = Desgranges | first5 = B. | last6 = Eustache | first6 = F. | last7 = Beaunieux | first7 = H. | year = 2007 | title = Effect of episodic and working memory impairments on semantic and cognitive procedural learning at alcohol treatment entry | url = http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00142890/file/Pitel_et_al_ACER_2007.pdf| journal = Alcohol Clin Exp Res | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 238–48 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00301.x| pmid = 17250615 | s2cid = 11560947 }}</ref>
===Cocaine===
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