|
'''Media literacy''' is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help consumers critically analyze messages to detect [[propaganda]], [[censorship]], and [[media bias|bias]] in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features -- such as [[media ownership]], or its funding model<ref>See [[Corporate media]] and [[Public service broadcasting]]</ref> -- affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create [[citizen media|independent media]]. Media literacy's purpose is to transform the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, helping people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through [[commercials]] and [[public relations]] techniques), and to help people understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality.<ref>e.g., Media Literacy Resource Guide, Ministry of Education Ontario, 1997</ref><ref>e.g., http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/Standards/ContStds-Media%20Lit.pdf</ref>
The textbook ''Visual Messages''<ref> Considine, David and Gail E. Haley. Visual Messages. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. </ref>-- offers three purposes and seven principles for Media Literacy. The purposes are preparation, pleasure, and protection. The principles are Media are constructions, Media representations construct reality, Media constructions have commercial purposes, Audiences negotiate meaning, Each medium has its own conventions and forms, The media contain and convey values and ideologies, and Media messages may have social consequences.
The textbook ''Visual Messages'''Media literacy''' is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help consumers critically analyze messages to detect [[propaganda]], [[censorship]], and [[media bias|bias]] in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features -- such as [[media ownership]], or its funding model<ref>See [[Corporate media]] and [[Public service broadcasting]]</ref> -- affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create [[citizen media|independent media]]. Media literacy's purpose is to transform the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, helping people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through [[commercials]] and [[public relations]] techniques), and to help people understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality.<ref>e.g., Media Literacy Resource Guide, Ministry of Education Ontario, 1997</ref><ref>e.g., http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/Standards/ContStds-Media%20Lit.pdf</ref>
The textbook ''Visual Messages''<ref> Considine, David and Gail E. Haley. Visual Messages. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. </ref>-- offers three purposes and seven principles for Media Literacy. The purposes are preparation, pleasure, and protection. The principles are Media are constructions, Media representations construct reality, Media constructions have commercial purposes, Audiences negotiate meaning, Each medium has its own conventions and forms, The media contain and convey values and ideologies, and Media messages may have social consequences.
==History and dispersal==
Media education is developing in [[Great Britain]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[the United States]], with a growing interest in the [[Netherlands]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Austria]], and [[Switzerland]] among many other nations.
'''Media literacy''' was originally established as an educational tool to protect people from what many perceived to be mass media's ill effects. The earliest country known to use this inoculative paradigm was [[Great Britain]] in the 1930’s. In the 1960’s, there was a paradigm shift in the field of media literacy to emphasize working within popular culture rather than trying to convince people that popular culture was primarily destructive. This was known as the popular arts paradigm. In the 80’s, there came a recognition that the ideological power of the media was tied to the naturalization of the image. Constructed messages were being passed off as natural ones. The focus of media literacy also shifted to the consumption of images and representations, also known as the representational paradigm.<ref>Buckingham, David, [http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987]</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]] media literacy is a stand alone credit course, as well as part of the Language Arts curricula.
In other areas of Europe, media education has seen many different forms.
Media education was introduced into the Finnish elementary curriculum in 1970 and into high schools in 1977. But the media education we know today did not evolve in [[Finland]] until the 1990s.
Media education has been compulsory in [[Sweden]] since 1980 and in [[Denmark]] since 1970. In both Nordic countries, media education evolved in the 1980s and 1990s as media education gradually moved away from moralizing attitudes towards an approach that is more searching and pupil-centred.
In 1994, the Danish education bill gave recognition to media education but it is still not an integrated part of the school. The focus in [[Denmark]] seems to be on information technology.
[[France]] has taught film from the inception of the medium, but it has only been recently that conferences and media courses for teachers have been organised with the inclusion of media production.
[[Germany]] saw theoretical publications on media literacy in the 1970’s and 80’s, with a growing interest for media education inside and outside the educational system in the 80’s and 90’s.
In [[North America]], the concept of media literacy as a topic of education first arose in 1978 with the formation of the Ontario Association for Media Literacy (AML). [[Canada]] is the foremost country to require media literacy in North America. Every province has mandated media education in its curriculum. The launching of media education came about for two reasons. One reason was the concern about the pervasiveness of American popular culture and the other was the education system-driven necessity of contexts for new educational paradigms. Media education is less widespread in formal schooling in the [[United States]], in part because of the decentralized nature of the education system in a country with 70 million children now in public or private schools. There is no central authority making nationwide curriculum recommendations, and each of the fifty states has numerous school districts, each of which operates with a great degree of independence from one another. However, an increasing number of school districts have begun to develop school-wide programs, elective courses, and other after-school opportunities for media analysis and production. Nearly all 50 states have language that supports media literacy in state curriculum frameworks. Leading universities such as Columbia University, New York University, the University of Texas-Austin, and Temple University offer courses and summer institutes in media literacy for pre-service teachers and graduate students.
In [[South Africa]], the increasing demand for Media Education has evolved from the dismantling of apartheid and the 1994 democratic elections. The first national Media Education conference in South Africa was actually held in 1990 and the new national curriculum has been in the writing stages since 1997. Since this curriculum strives to reflect the values and prinicples of a democratic society there seems to be an opportunity for critical literacy and Media Education in Languages and Culture courses.
==Proponents of media literacy==
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
*[http://www.medialiteracy.org/reading_room/article98.html Neil Andersen] [http://www.chumlimited.com/mediaed/studyguides.asp][http://www.ciconline.com/Enrichment/ThinkingCritically/] -A leading Canadian educator and author in Media Literacy Education
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com/my_bio.htm Frank W. Baker]- American media educator and workshop presenter for K-12 schools and conferences.
*[[Jean Baudrillard]] - a [[France|French]] sociologist and philosopher known for his writings about media, virtuality, and the Gulf War.
*[http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987 David Buckingham] - British scholar and theorist on media literacy education.
*[[Noam Chomsky]] - an [[United States|American]] [[linguist]] and political analyst most famous for his observations about corporate media's role in [[propaganda]], which he describes as the '[[Manufacturing Consent|manufacturing of consent]]'.
*[[David Considine]]- Media Literacy Graduate Program Coordinator, Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC- Established the first Media Literacy Master's Degree in the U.S.- Chaired the first National Media Literacy Conference in the United States- The conference took place in Boone, NC, in September of 1995 with participants from 6 nations and 35 states- Co- authored the textbook ''Visual Messages'' that the Center for Media Literacy called the first comprehensive media literacy text in the U.S.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/barrys_bulletins/index.cfm Barry Duncan] -A Canadian author and pioneer in media education.
*[[David Gauntlett]] - contemporary theorist from the [[United Kingdom]] whose 'new creative methods' offer new ways of exploring media literacy.
*[[Stuart Hall]] - UK professor, key cultural studies theorist, proponent of critical media literacy.
*[http://www.reneehobbs.org Renee Hobbs] - a leading authority on media education in the [[United States]].
*[[Sut Jhally]] - communications professor and executive director of an [[United States|American]] foundation - [http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation] - that produces educational videos and supporting study guides on the role of media in health, democracy and happiness.
*[http://www.medialit.org Tessa Jolls] - President and CEO, Center for Media Literacy, American consultant, publisher and media educator.
*[http://www.nologo.org Naomi Klein] -A Canadian journalist, author, [[blog]] writer, and activist.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/teaching_backgrounders/media_literacy/18_principles.cfm Len Masterman] - A renowned media educator from the [[United Kingdom]].
*[http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers_detail.jsp?id=22 Bob McCannon] One of the United States' leading proponents of media literacy.
* [[Robert W. McChesney]] - Research Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, author of several important books, host of the ''Media Matters'' radio show, co-founder of [[Free Press]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]] - an early [[Canada|Canadian]] theorist into the nature of [[mass media|media]].
*[[Neil Postman]] (1931-2003) - an [[United States|American]] media ecologist and author of numerous popular press books, including [[Amusing Ourselves to Death]].
*[[Art Silverblatt]] - Professor of Communications and Journalism at Webster University, St. Louis, MO; author of several books including ''Media Literacy: Keys to Interpreting Media Messages''
* [[Midori Suzuki]] - A Japanese media educator who introduced UK and Canadian style Media Literacy to Japan in the 1980s.
* [http://medialit.org/about_cml.html#thoman Elizabeth Thoman] Founder/Chair/Chief Program Officer, Center for Media Literacy - leading American proponent of media literacy education, co-founder of [http://www.amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America]
*[[Brigitte Tufte]] -Danish author of Global Trends in Media Education.
*[http://www.cccs.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=16135&pid= Graeme Turner] - key Australian cultural studies theorist whose research has significantly influenced Australian Media Educators.
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/teachers/media_literacy/what_is_media_literacy.cfm media awareness site]
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com Media Literacy Clearinghouse] cited as a great starting point for K-12 educators; media educator/webmaster Frank W.Baker conducts workshops for K-12 schools and conferences]
*[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Media_literacy Media Literacy Wikiversity site] - An in-depth examination of some of the key theoretical dimensions of media literacy.
*[http://www.apmlg.org.uk Associate Parliamentary Media Literacy Group] - A group formed by British Members of Parliament and Associate Stakeholders from the education, arts and communications sectors to promote the importance of media literacy to the UK government.
*[http://www.understandmedia.com Understand Media] - Original articles, podcasts, videos, blogs, and resources about media literacy and media education.
*[http://www.atomvic.org ATOM - Australian Teachers of Media]
*[http://www.medialiteracy.com MediaLiteracy.com] - Resources & links on all topics related to media literacy education; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers.jsp Speakers Bureau] of media literacy speakers, trainers and consultants; comprehensive links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/downloads.jsp free downloads] cross-indexed by topic area; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/calendar.jsp calendar] of conferences and events; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/stats.jsp media literacy statistics]; links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/community_online.jsp discussion listservs].
*http://www.mediasmart.org.uk/media_literacy/media_lit_uk.html - Media Smart is a media literacy initiative for children.
*http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/index.cfm - Collections of Media Education and Internet literacy resources.
*http://www.aml.ca/ - The AML is a voluntary, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting media education.
*[http://www.amtec.ca The Association for Media and Technology in Education in Canada (AMTEC)]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/JCP/index.html Jesuit Communication Project] promotes Media Education in schools across Canada
*http://www.worldvision.ca/home/media/MediaLit.pdf - Media literacy for global citizenship; an educational resource for grades 6-8.
*http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ks4/iru/publications/medialit/medialt1.html - North American websites and resources for media literacy.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/profiles/advocacy/mediawatch_profile.cfm MediaWatch] is a Canadian not-for-profit feminist organization that works to eliminate sexism in the media.
*[http://mediasmartphilly.com Media Education Lab at Temple University], offers Ph. D. specialization in [http://www.temple.edu/MMC media literacy] under the direction of Renee Hobbs
*[http://www.mlpj.org Japan Media Literacy Research Institute]
*[http://independentmedia.ca MANA - the Media Alliance for New Activism]
*[http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/CommunitySupport/ AMLNS/media_literacy.html Association for Media Literacy in Nova Scotia]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/mlr/resources/resources.html Media Literacy Online Project (U of Oregon)]
*[http://www.mediaEducation.net MEAC - Media education across the curriculum]
*[http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation (MEF)] - founded by UMass professor Sut Jhally, produces and distributes secondary school and college-level materials encouraging critical thinking and debate about media & culture
*[http://amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America (AMLA)] is the first and largest professional association for American K-16 media educators, health professionals and media activists. Hosts a bi-annual National Media Education Conference; next one is late June 2007 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Dates for this conference are June 24-26.
*[http://www.medialit.org The Center for Media Literacy], a non-profit; world's largest distributor of media literacy books, DVDs, and curricula. Free download of CML MediaLit Kit, with information and cases on the Theory, Practice and Implementation of media literacy education; extensive Reading Room of articles from former Media&Values magazine
*[http://www.nmmlp.org New Mexico Media Literacy Project] One of the oldest and largest media literacy organizations in the USA.
*[http://mediaed.org.uk MediaEd], the media education site for the UK run by organisations in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England
*[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/advice/media_literacy/ Ofcom], the UK communications regulator, has a section of its site dedicated to media literacy
*[http://www.acmecoalition.org/ Action Coalition for Media Education], a grassroots media literacy coalition (that does not accept funding from media corporations) to promote better public understanding of the impact of media and marketing on health and democracy.
*[http://www.mediaedwales.org.uk Media Education Wales] supports media and moving image education through projects, publications, training and consultancy.
*[http://www.mediachannel.org/atissue/mediapolitics/ Mediachannel.org] political media literacy
*[http://www.freepress.net/ Free Press] advocates reform of the American media system to preserve democracy and free speech. Co-founded by professor, media critic, and author Robert McChesney and writer John Nichols.
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/GlobalBits_0405_Ye.pdf Understanding the Impact of Mainstream Media on Young People's Development (PDF)]
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/00417_GB_advertising_06.pdf Creating Culture:Young People and Advertising]
*[http://www.listenup.org Listen Up!] is a youth media network for young filmmakers and their allies
*[http://www.adbusters.org Adbusters]
*[http://www.commonsensemedia.org Common Sense Media] is dedicated to improving the media and entertai'''Media literacy''' is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help consumers critically analyze messages to detect [[propaganda]], [[censorship]], and [[media bias|bias]] in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features -- such as [[media ownership]], or its funding model<ref>See [[Corporate media]] and [[Public service broadcasting]]</ref> -- affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create [[citizen media|independent media]]. Media literacy's purpose is to transform the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, helping people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through [[commercials]] and [[public relations]] techniques), and to help people understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality.<ref>e.g., Media Literacy Resource Guide, Ministry of Education Ontario, 1997</ref><ref>e.g., http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/Standards/ContStds-Media%20Lit.pdf</ref>
The textbook ''Visual Messages''<ref> Considine, David and Gail E. Haley. Visual Messages. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. </ref>-- offers three purposes and seven principles for Media Literacy. The purposes are preparation, pleasure, and protection. The principles are Media are constructions, Media representations construct reality, Media constructions have commercial purposes, Audiences negotiate meaning, Each medium has its own conventions and forms, The media contain and convey values and ideologies, and Media messages may have social consequences.
==History and dispersal==
Media education is developing in [[Great Britain]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[the United States]], with a growing interest in the [[Netherlands]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Austria]], and [[Switzerland]] among many other nations.
==Proponents of media literacy==
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetizedalphabetized! Thanks -->
*[http://www.medialiteracy.org/reading_room/article98.html Neil Andersen] [http://www.chumlimited.com/mediaed/studyguides.asp][http://www.ciconline.com/Enrichment/ThinkingCritically/] -A leading Canadian educator and author in Media Literacy Education
*[http://www.cccs.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=16135&pid= Graeme Turner] - key Australian cultural studies theorist whose research has significantly influenced Australian Media Educators.
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetizedalphabetized! Thanks -->
==References==
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/00417_GB_advertising_06.pdf Creating Culture:Young People and Advertising]
*[http://www.listenup.org Listen Up!] is a youth media network for young filmmakers and their allies
*[http://www.adbusters.org Adbusters]
*[http://www.commonsensemedia.org Common Sense Media] is dedicated to improving the media and entertainment lives of kids and families. Rates movies, videos, music for parental guidance.
*[http://www.any-body.org/ AnyBody] not-for-profit giving women a voice to speak back to media imagery and critically discuss
*[http://www.teachingmedialiteracy.com] Teachingmedialiteracy.com: a site with extensive links, resources, and readings on teaching media literacy.
*[http://mlpj.org Media Literacy Research Institute in Japan] - a key resource for citizens-based media literacy workshops, teaching materials and research in Japan (mostly Japanese)
[[Category:Media studies]]
[[de:Medienkompetenz]]
[[ja:メディア・リテラシー]]
[[ru:Медиаобразование]]
[[fi:Medialukutaito]]
[[uk:Медіа грамотність]]
[[zh:媒體素養]]
nment lives of kids and families. Rates movies, videos, music for parental guidance.
*[http://www.any-body.org/ AnyBody] not-for-profit giving women a voice to speak back to media imagery and critically discuss
*[http://www.teachingmedialiteracy.com] Teachingmedialiteracy.com: a site with extensive links, resources, and readings on teaching media literacy.
*[http://mlpj.org Media Literacy Research Institute in Japan] - a key resource for citizens-based media literacy workshops, teaching materials and research in Japan (mostly Japanese)
[[Category:Media studies]]
[[de:Medienkompetenz]]
[[ja:メディア・リテラシー]]
[[ru:Медиаобразование]]
[[fi:Medialukutaito]]
[[uk:Медіа грамотність]]
[[zh:媒體素養]]
''<ref> Considine, David and Gail E. Haley. Visual Messages. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. </ref>-- offers three purposes and seven principles for Media Literacy. The purposes are preparation, pleasure, and protection. The principles are Media are constructions, Media representations construct reality, Media constructions have commercial purposes, Audiences negotiate meaning, Each medium has its own conventions and forms, The media contain and convey values and ideologies, and Media messages may have social consequences.
==History and dispersal==
Media education is developing in [[Great Britain]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[the United States]], with a growing interest in the [[Netherlands]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Austria]], and [[Switzerland]] among many other nations.
'''Media literacy''' was originally established as an educational tool to protect people from what many perceived to be mass media's ill effects. The earliest country known to use this inoculative paradigm was [[Great Britain]] in the 1930’s. In the 1960’s, there was a paradigm shift in the field of media literacy to emphasize working within popular culture rather than trying to convince people that popular culture was primarily destructive. This was known as the popular arts paradigm. In the 80’s, there came a recognition that the ideological power of the media was tied to the naturalization of the image. Constructed messages were being passed off as natural ones. The focus of media literacy also shifted to the consumption of images and representations, also known as the representational paradigm.<ref>Buckingham, David, [http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987]</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]] media literacy is a stand alone credit course, as well as part of the Language Arts curricula.
In other areas of Europe, media education has seen many different forms.
Media education was introduced into the Finnish elementary curriculum in 1970 and into high schools in 1977. But the media education we know today did not evolve in [[Finland]] until the 1990s.
Media education has been compulsory in [[Sweden]] since 1980 and in [[Denmark]] since 1970. In both Nordic countries, media education evolved in the 1980s and 1990s as media education gradually moved away from moralizing attitudes towards an approach that is more searching and pupil-centred.
In 1994, the Danish education bill gave recognition to media education but it is still not an integrated part of the school. The focus in [[Denmark]] seems to be on information technology.
[[France]] has taught film from the in'''Media literacy''' is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help consumers critically analyze messages to detect [[propaganda]], [[censorship]], and [[media bias|bias]] in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features -- such as [[media ownership]], or its funding model<ref>See [[Corporate media]] and [[Public service broadcasting]]</ref> -- affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create [[citizen media|independent media]]. Media literacy's purpose is to transform the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, helping people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through [[commercials]] and [[public relations]] techniques), and to help people understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality.<ref>e.g., Media Literacy Resource Guide, Ministry of Education Ontario, 1997</ref><ref>e.g., http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/Standards/ContStds-Media%20Lit.pdf</ref>
The textbook ''Visual Messages''<ref> Considine, David and Gail E. Haley. Visual Messages. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. </ref>-- offers three purposes and seven principles for Media Literacy. The purposes are preparation, pleasure, and protection. The principles are Media are constructions, Media representations construct reality, Media constructions have commercial purposes, Audiences negotiate meaning, Each medium has its own conventions and forms, The media contain and convey values and ideologies, and Media messages may have social consequences.
==History and dispersal==
Media education is developing in [[Great Britain]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[the United States]], with a growing interest in the [[Netherlands]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Austria]], and [[Switzerland]] among many other nations.
'''Media literacy''' was originally established as an educational tool to protect people from what many perceived to be mass media's ill effects. The earliest country known to use this inoculative paradigm was [[Great Britain]] in the 1930’s. In the 1960’s, there was a paradigm shift in the field of media literacy to emphasize working within popular culture rather than trying to convince people that popular culture was primarily destructive. This was known as the popular arts paradigm. In the 80’s, there came a recognition that the ideological power of the media was tied to the naturalization of the image. Constructed messages were being passed off as natural ones. The focus of media literacy also shifted to the consumption of images and representations, also known as the representational paradigm.<ref>Buckingham, David, [http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987]</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]] media literacy is a stand alone credit course, as well as part of the Language Arts curricula.
In other areas of Europe, media education has seen many different forms.
Media education was introduced into the Finnish elementary curriculum in 1970 and into high schools in 1977. But the media education we know today did not evolve in [[Finland]] until the 1990s.
Media education has been compulsory in [[Sweden]] since 1980 and in [[Denmark]] since 1970. In both Nordic countries, media education evolved in the 1980s and 1990s as media education gradually moved away from moralizing attitudes towards an approach that is more searching and pupil-centred.
In 1994, the Danish education bill gave recognition to media education but it is still not an integrated part of the school. The focus in [[Denmark]] seems to be on information technology.
[[France]] has taught film from the inception of the medium, but it has only been recently that conferences and media courses for teachers have been organised with the inclusion of media production.
[[Germany]] saw theoretical publications on media literacy in the 1970’s and 80’s, with a growing interest for media education inside and outside the educational system in the 80’s and 90’s.
In [[North America]], the concept of media literacy as a topic of education first arose in 1978 with the formation of the Ontario Association for Media Literacy (AML). [[Canada]] is the foremost country to require media literacy in North America. Every province has mandated media education in its curriculum. The launching of media education came about for two reasons. One reason was the concern about the pervasiveness of American popular culture and the other was the education system-driven necessity of contexts for new educational paradigms. Media education is less widespread in formal schooling in the [[United States]], in part because of the decentralized nature of the education system in a country with 70 million children now in public or private schools. There is no central authority making nationwide curriculum recommendations, and each of the fifty states has numerous school districts, each of which operates with a great degree of independence from one another. However, an increasing number of school districts have begun to develop school-wide programs, elective courses, and other after-school opportunities for media analysis and production. Nearly all 50 states have language that supports media literacy in state curriculum frameworks. Leading universities such as Columbia University, New York University, the University of Texas-Austin, and Temple University offer courses and summer institutes in media literacy for pre-service teachers and graduate students.
In [[South Africa]], the increasing demand for Media Education has evolved from the dismantling of apartheid and the 1994 democratic elections. The first national Media Education conference in South Africa was actually held in 1990 and the new national curriculum has been in the writing stages since 1997. Since this curriculum strives to reflect the values and prinicples of a democratic society there seems to be an opportunity for critical literacy and Media Education in Languages and Culture courses.
==Proponents of media literacy==
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
*[http://www.medialiteracy.org/reading_room/article98.html Neil Andersen] [http://www.chumlimited.com/mediaed/studyguides.asp][http://www.ciconline.com/Enrichment/ThinkingCritically/] -A leading Canadian educator and author in Media Literacy Education
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com/my_bio.htm Frank W. Baker]- American media educator and workshop presenter for K-12 schools and conferences.
*[[Jean Baudrillard]] - a [[France|French]] sociologist and philosopher known for his writings about media, virtuality, and the Gulf War.
*[http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987 David Buckingham] - British scholar and theorist on media literacy education.
*[[Noam Chomsky]] - an [[United States|American]] [[linguist]] and political analyst most famous for his observations about corporate media's role in [[propaganda]], which he describes as the '[[Manufacturing Consent|manufacturing of consent]]'.
*[[David Considine]]- Media Literacy Graduate Program Coordinator, Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC- Established the first Media Literacy Master's Degree in the U.S.- Chaired the first National Media Literacy Conference in the United States- The conference took place in Boone, NC, in September of 1995 with participants from 6 nations and 35 states- Co- authored the textbook ''Visual Messages'' that the Center for Media Literacy called the first comprehensive media literacy text in the U.S.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/barrys_bulletins/index.cfm Barry Duncan] -A Canadian author and pioneer in media education.
*[[David Gauntlett]] - contemporary theorist from the [[United Kingdom]] whose 'new creative methods' offer new ways of exploring media literacy.
*[[Stuart Hall]] - UK professor, key cultural studies theorist, proponent of critical media literacy.
*[http://www.reneehobbs.org Renee Hobbs] - a leading authority on media education in the [[United States]].
*[[Sut Jhally]] - communications professor and executive director of an [[United States|American]] foundation - [http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation] - that produces educational videos and supporting study guides on the role of media in health, democracy and happiness.
*[http://www.medialit.org Tessa Jolls] - President and CEO, Center for Media Literacy, American consultant, publisher and media educator.
*[http://www.nologo.org Naomi Klein] -A Canadian journalist, author, [[blog]] writer, and activist.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/teaching_backgrounders/media_literacy/18_principles.cfm Len Masterman] - A renowned media educator from the [[United Kingdom]].
*[http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers_detail.jsp?id=22 Bob McCannon] One of the United States' leading proponents of media literacy.
* [[Robert W. McChesney]] - Research Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, author of several important books, host of the ''Media Matters'' radio show, co-founder of [[Free Press]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]] - an early [[Canada|Canadian]] theorist into the nature of [[mass media|media]].
*[[Neil Postman]] (1931-2003) - an [[United States|American]] media ecologist and author of numerous popular press books, including [[Amusing Ourselves to Death]].
*[[Art Silverblatt]] - Professor of Communications and Journalism at Webster University, St. Louis, MO; author of several books including ''Media Literacy: Keys to Interpreting Media Messages''
* [[Midori Suzuki]] - A Japanese media educator who introduced UK and Canadian style Media Literacy to Japan in the 1980s.
* [http://medialit.org/about_cml.html#thoman Elizabeth Thoman] Founder/Chair/Chief Program Officer, Center for Media Literacy - leading American proponent of media literacy education, co-founder of [http://www.amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America]
*[[Brigitte Tufte]] -Danish author of Global Trends in Media Education.
*[http://www.cccs.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=16135&pid= Graeme Turner] - key Australian cultural studies theorist whose research has significantly influenced Australian Media Educators.
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/teachers/media_literacy/what_is_media_literacy.cfm media awareness site]
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com Media Literacy Clearinghouse] cited as a great starting point for K-12 educators; media educator/webmaster Frank W.Baker conducts workshops for K-12 schools and conferences]
*[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Media_literacy Media Literacy Wikiversity site] - An in-depth examination of some of the key theoretical dimensions of media literacy.
*[http://www.apmlg.org.uk Associate Parliamentary Media Literacy Group] - A group formed by British Members of Parliament and Associate Stakeholders from the education, arts and communications sectors to promote the importance of media literacy to the UK government.
*[http://www.understandmedia.com Understand Media] - Original articles, podcasts, videos, blogs, and resources about media literacy and media education.
*[http://www.atomvic.org ATOM - Australian Teachers of Media]
*[http://www.medialiteracy.com MediaLiteracy.com] - Resources & links on all topics related to media literacy education; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers.jsp Speakers Bureau] of media literacy speakers, trainers and consultants; comprehensive links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/downloads.jsp free downloads] cross-indexed by topic area; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/calendar.jsp calendar] of conferences and events; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/stats.jsp media literacy statistics]; links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/community_online.jsp discussion listservs].
*http://www.mediasmart.org.uk/media_literacy/media_lit_uk.html - Media Smart is a media literacy initiative for children.
*http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/index.cfm - Collections of Media Education and Internet literacy resources.
*http://www.aml.ca/ - The AML is a voluntary, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting media education.
*[http://www.amtec.ca The Association for Media and Technology in Education in Canada (AMTEC)]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/JCP/index.html Jesuit Communication Project] promotes Media Education in schools across Canada
*http://www.worldvision.ca/home/media/MediaLit.pdf - Media literacy for global citizenship; an educational resource for grades 6-8.
*http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ks4/iru/publications/medialit/medialt1.html - North American websites and resources for media literacy.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/profiles/advocacy/mediawatch_profile.cfm MediaWatch] is a Canadian not-for-profit feminist organization that works to eliminate sexism in the media.
*[http://mediasmartphilly.com Media Education Lab at Temple University], offers Ph. D. specialization in [http://www.temple.edu/MMC media literacy] under the direction of Renee Hobbs
*[http://www.mlpj.org Japan Media Literacy Research Institute]
*[http://independentmedia.ca MANA - the Media Alliance for New Activism]
*[http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/CommunitySupport/ AMLNS/media_literacy.html Association for Media Literacy in Nova Scotia]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/mlr/resources/resources.html Media Literacy Online Project (U of Oregon)]
*[http://www.mediaEducation.net MEAC - Media education across the curriculum]
*[http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation (MEF)] - founded by UMass professor Sut Jhally, produces and distributes secondary school and college-level materials encouraging critical thinking and debate about media & culture
*[http://amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America (AMLA)] is the first and largest professional association for American K-16 media educators, health professionals and media activists. Hosts a bi-annual National Media Education Conference; next one is late June 2007 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Dates for this conference are June 24-26.
*[http://www.medialit.org The Center for Media Literacy], a non-profit; world's largest distributor of media literacy books, DVDs, and curricula. Free download of CML MediaLit Kit, with information and cases on the Theory, Practice and Implementation of media literacy education; extensive Reading Room of articles from former Media&Values magazine
*[http://www.nmmlp.org New Mexico Media Literacy Project] One of the oldest and largest media literacy organizations in the USA.
*[http://mediaed.org.uk MediaEd], the media education site for the UK run by organisations in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England
*[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/advice/media_literacy/ Ofcom], the UK communications regulator, has a section of its site dedicated to media literacy
*[http://www.acmecoalition.org/ Action Coalition for Media Education], a grassroots media literacy coalition (that does not accept funding from media corporations) to promote better public understanding of the impact of media and marketing on health and democracy.
*[http://www.mediaedwales.org.uk Media Education Wales] supports media and moving image education through projects, publications, training and consultancy.
*[http://www.mediachannel.org/atissue/mediapolitics/ Mediachannel.org] political media literacy
*[http://www.freepress.net/ Free Press] advocates reform of the American media system to preserve democracy and free speech. Co-founded by professor, media critic, and author Robert McChesney and writer John Nichols.
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/GlobalBits_0405_Ye.pdf Understanding the Impact of Mainstream Media on Young People's Development (PDF)]
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/00417_GB_advertising_06.pdf Creating Culture:Young People and Advertising]
*[http://www.listenup.org Listen Up!] is a youth media network for young filmmakers and their allies
*[http://www.adbusters.org Adbusters]
*[http://www.commonsensemedia.org Common Sense Media] is dedicated to improving the media and entertainment lives of kids and families. Rates movies, videos, music for parental guidance.
*[http://www.any-body.org/ AnyBody] not-for-profit giving women a voice to speak back to media imagery and critically discuss
*[http://www.teachingmedialiteracy.com] Teachingmedialiteracy.com: a site with extensive links, resources, and readings on teaching media literacy.
*[http://mlpj.org Media Literacy Research Institute in Japan] - a key resource for citizens-based media literacy workshops, teaching materials and research in Japan (mostly Japanese)
[[Category:Media studies]]
[[de:Medienkompetenz]]
[[ja:メディア・リテラシー]]
[[ru:Медиаобразование]]
[[fi:Medialukutaito]]
[[uk:Медіа грамотність]]
[[zh:媒體素養]]
ception of the medium, but it has only been recently that conferences and media courses for teachers have been organised with the inclusion of media production.
[[Germany]] saw theoretical publications on media literacy in the 1970’s and 80’s, with a growing interest for media education inside and outside the educational system in the 80’s and 90’s.
In [[North America]], the concept of media literacy as a topic of education first arose in 1978 with the formation of the Ontario Association for Media Literacy (AML). [[Canada]] is the foremost country to require media literacy in North America. Every province has mandated media education in its curriculum. The launching of media education came about for two reasons. One reason was the concern about the pervasiveness of American popular culture and the other was the education system-driven necessity of contexts for new educational paradigms. Media education is less widespread in formal schooling in the [[United States]], in part because of the decentralized nature of the education system in a country with 70 million children now in public or private schools. There is no central authority making nationwide curriculum recommendations, and each of the fifty states has numerous school districts, each of which operates with a great degree of independence from one another. However, an increasing number of school districts have begun to develop school-wide programs, elective courses, and other after-school opportunities for media analysis and production. Nearly all 50 states have language that supports media literacy in state curriculum frameworks. Leading universities such as Columbia University, New York University, the University of Texas-Austin, and Temple University offer courses and summer institutes in media literacy for pre-service teachers and graduate students.
In [[South Africa]], the increasing demand for Media Education has evolved from the dismantling of apartheid and the 1994 democratic elections. The first national Media Education conference in South Africa was actually held in 1990 and the new national curriculum has been in the writing stages since 1997. Since this curriculum strives to reflect the values and prinicples of a democratic society there seems to be an opportunity for critical literacy and Media Education in Languages and Culture courses.
==Proponents of media literacy==
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
*[http://www.medialiteracy.org/reading_room/article98.html Neil Andersen] [http://www.chumlimited.com/mediaed/studyguides.asp][http://www.ciconline.com/Enrichment/ThinkingCritically/] -A leading Canadian educator and author in Media Literacy Education
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com/my_bio.htm Frank W. Baker]- American media educator and workshop presenter for K-12 schools and conferences.
*[[Jean Baudrillard]] - a [[France|French]] sociologist and philosopher known for his writings about media, virtuality, and the Gulf War.
*[http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4441&4441_0=4987 David Buckingham] - British scholar and theorist on media literacy education.
*[[Noam Chomsky]] - an [[United States|American]] [[linguist]] and political analyst most famous for his observations about corporate media's role in [[propaganda]], which he describes as the '[[Manufacturing Consent|manufacturing of consent]]'.
*[[David Considine]]- Media Literacy Graduate Program Coordinator, Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC- Established the first Media Literacy Master's Degree in the U.S.- Chaired the first National Media Literacy Conference in the United States- The conference took place in Boone, NC, in September of 1995 with participants from 6 nations and 35 states- Co- authored the textbook ''Visual Messages'' that the Center for Media Literacy called the first comprehensive media literacy text in the U.S.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/barrys_bulletins/index.cfm Barry Duncan] -A Canadian author and pioneer in media education.
*[[David Gauntlett]] - contemporary theorist from the [[United Kingdom]] whose 'new creative methods' offer new ways of exploring media literacy.
*[[Stuart Hall]] - UK professor, key cultural studies theorist, proponent of critical media literacy.
*[http://www.reneehobbs.org Renee Hobbs] - a leading authority on media education in the [[United States]].
*[[Sut Jhally]] - communications professor and executive director of an [[United States|American]] foundation - [http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation] - that produces educational videos and supporting study guides on the role of media in health, democracy and happiness.
*[http://www.medialit.org Tessa Jolls] - President and CEO, Center for Media Literacy, American consultant, publisher and media educator.
*[http://www.nologo.org Naomi Klein] -A Canadian journalist, author, [[blog]] writer, and activist.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/teaching_backgrounders/media_literacy/18_principles.cfm Len Masterman] - A renowned media educator from the [[United Kingdom]].
*[http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers_detail.jsp?id=22 Bob McCannon] One of the United States' leading proponents of media literacy.
* [[Robert W. McChesney]] - Research Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, author of several important books, host of the ''Media Matters'' radio show, co-founder of [[Free Press]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]] - an early [[Canada|Canadian]] theorist into the nature of [[mass media|media]].
*[[Neil Postman]] (1931-2003) - an [[United States|American]] media ecologist and author of numerous popular press books, including [[Amusing Ourselves to Death]].
*[[Art Silverblatt]] - Professor of Communications and Journalism at Webster University, St. Louis, MO; author of several books including ''Media Literacy: Keys to Interpreting Media Messages''
* [[Midori Suzuki]] - A Japanese media educator who introduced UK and Canadian style Media Literacy to Japan in the 1980s.
* [http://medialit.org/about_cml.html#thoman Elizabeth Thoman] Founder/Chair/Chief Program Officer, Center for Media Literacy - leading American proponent of media literacy education, co-founder of [http://www.amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America]
*[[Brigitte Tufte]] -Danish author of Global Trends in Media Education.
*[http://www.cccs.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=16135&pid= Graeme Turner] - key Australian cultural studies theorist whose research has significantly influenced Australian Media Educators.
<!-- Please keep this list alphebetized! Thanks -->
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/teachers/media_literacy/what_is_media_literacy.cfm media awareness site]
*[http://www.frankwbaker.com Media Literacy Clearinghouse] cited as a great starting point for K-12 educators; media educator/webmaster Frank W.Baker conducts workshops for K-12 schools and conferences]
*[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Media_literacy Media Literacy Wikiversity site] - An in-depth examination of some of the key theoretical dimensions of media literacy.
*[http://www.apmlg.org.uk Associate Parliamentary Media Literacy Group] - A group formed by British Members of Parliament and Associate Stakeholders from the education, arts and communications sectors to promote the importance of media literacy to the UK government.
*[http://www.understandmedia.com Understand Media] - Original articles, podcasts, videos, blogs, and resources about media literacy and media education.
*[http://www.atomvic.org ATOM - Australian Teachers of Media]
*[http://www.medialiteracy.com MediaLiteracy.com] - Resources & links on all topics related to media literacy education; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/speakers.jsp Speakers Bureau] of media literacy speakers, trainers and consultants; comprehensive links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/downloads.jsp free downloads] cross-indexed by topic area; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/calendar.jsp calendar] of conferences and events; [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/stats.jsp media literacy statistics]; links to [http://www1.medialiteracy.com/community_online.jsp discussion listservs].
*http://www.mediasmart.org.uk/media_literacy/media_lit_uk.html - Media Smart is a media literacy initiative for children.
*http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/index.cfm - Collections of Media Education and Internet literacy resources.
*http://www.aml.ca/ - The AML is a voluntary, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting media education.
*[http://www.amtec.ca The Association for Media and Technology in Education in Canada (AMTEC)]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/JCP/index.html Jesuit Communication Project] promotes Media Education in schools across Canada
*http://www.worldvision.ca/home/media/MediaLit.pdf - Media literacy for global citizenship; an educational resource for grades 6-8.
*http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ks4/iru/publications/medialit/medialt1.html - North American websites and resources for media literacy.
*[http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/profiles/advocacy/mediawatch_profile.cfm MediaWatch] is a Canadian not-for-profit feminist organization that works to eliminate sexism in the media.
*[http://mediasmartphilly.com Media Education Lab at Temple University], offers Ph. D. specialization in [http://www.temple.edu/MMC media literacy] under the direction of Renee Hobbs
*[http://www.mlpj.org Japan Media Literacy Research Institute]
*[http://independentmedia.ca MANA - the Media Alliance for New Activism]
*[http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/CommunitySupport/ AMLNS/media_literacy.html Association for Media Literacy in Nova Scotia]
*[http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/mlr/resources/resources.html Media Literacy Online Project (U of Oregon)]
*[http://www.mediaEducation.net MEAC - Media education across the curriculum]
*[http://www.mediaed.org Media Education Foundation (MEF)] - founded by UMass professor Sut Jhally, produces and distributes secondary school and college-level materials encouraging critical thinking and debate about media & culture
*[http://amlainfo.org Alliance for a Media Literate America (AMLA)] is the first and largest professional association for American K-16 media educators, health professionals and media activists. Hosts a bi-annual National Media Education Conference; next one is late June 2007 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Dates for this conference are June 24-26.
*[http://www.medialit.org The Center for Media Literacy], a non-profit; world's largest distributor of media literacy books, DVDs, and curricula. Free download of CML MediaLit Kit, with information and cases on the Theory, Practice and Implementation of media literacy education; extensive Reading Room of articles from former Media&Values magazine
*[http://www.nmmlp.org New Mexico Media Literacy Project] One of the oldest and largest media literacy organizations in the USA.
*[http://mediaed.org.uk MediaEd], the media education site for the UK run by organisations in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England
*[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/advice/media_literacy/ Ofcom], the UK communications regulator, has a section of its site dedicated to media literacy
*[http://www.acmecoalition.org/ Action Coalition for Media Education], a grassroots media literacy coalition (that does not accept funding from media corporations) to promote better public understanding of the impact of media and marketing on health and democracy.
*[http://www.mediaedwales.org.uk Media Education Wales] supports media and moving image education through projects, publications, training and consultancy.
*[http://www.mediachannel.org/atissue/mediapolitics/ Mediachannel.org] political media literacy
*[http://www.freepress.net/ Free Press] advocates reform of the American media system to preserve democracy and free speech. Co-founded by professor, media critic, and author Robert McChesney and writer John Nichols.
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/GlobalBits_0405_Ye.pdf Understanding the Impact of Mainstream Media on Young People's Development (PDF)]
*[http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/00417_GB_advertising_06.pdf Creating Culture:Young People and Advertising]
*[http://www.listenup.org Listen Up!] is a youth media network for young filmmakers and their allies
*[http://www.adbusters.org Adbusters]
*[http://www.commonsensemedia.org Common Sense Media] is dedicated to improving the media and entertainment lives of kids and families. Rates movies, videos, music for parental guidance.
*[http://www.any-body.org/ AnyBody] not-for-profit giving women a voice to speak back to media imagery and critically discuss
*[http://www.teachingmedialiteracy.com] Teachingmedialiteracy.com: a site with extensive links, resources, and readings on teaching media literacy.
*[http://mlpj.org Media Literacy Research Institute in Japan] - a key resource for citizens-based media literacy workshops, teaching materials and research in Japan (mostly Japanese)
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