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==PR/SM==
Although the terms ''PR/SM'' and ''LPAR'' are often used interchangeably in IBM Z, including in IBM documentation, ''PR/SM'' was not present in the [[IBM 370/168]]'s [[VM (operating system)|Virtual Machine Facility/370]]; it came in with the [[IBM 3090]], years later. Formally, LPAR designates the logical partitioning function and mode of operation, whereas PR/SM is the commercial designation of the feature.<ref name="Singh"/>{{rp|83}} In mainframe computing '''PR/SM''' ('''Processor Resource/System Manager''') is a type-1 [[Hypervisor]] (a [[virtual machine]] monitor) that allows multiple [[LPAR|logical partition]]s to share physical resources such as [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s, [[Channel I/O|I/O channels]] and LAN interfaces; when sharing channels, the LPARs can share I/O devices such as [[direct access storage device]]s (DASD). PR/SM is integrated with all [[IBM System z]] machines. Similar facilities exist on the [[IBM Power Systems]] family, and its predecessors.
[[IBM]] introduced PR/SM in 1988 with the [[IBM 3090]] processors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp5157.pdf|title=IBM Z Functional Matrix|author1=Frank Packheiser|author2=Octavian Lascu|author3=Bill White|page=18|publisher=[[IBM]]|date=2018}}</ref>
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IBM introduced a related, simplified, optional feature called [[Dynamic Partition Manager]] (DPM) on its IBM z13 and first generation IBM LinuxONE machines. DPM provides Web-based user interfaces for many LPAR-related configuration and monitoring tasks.
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==History==
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z/VM supports the z/Architecture [[HiperSockets]] function for high-speed [[TCP/IP]] communication among virtual machines and logical partitions (LPARs) within the same IBM zSeries server. This function uses an adaptation of the Queued-Direct Input/Output (QDIO) high-speed I/O protocol.
IBM later introduced LPARs to their [[IBM i|iSeries]] and [[IBM pSeries|pSeries]] servers in 1999 and 2001, respectively,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-aix-vioserver-v2/index.html |title=POWER5 Virtualization: How to set up the Virtual I/O Server |access-date= |date= |url=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2010/20100331-01.html
|title=Fujitsu Upgrades Lineup of PRIMEQUEST Mission-Critical Servers}}</ref> which support LPARs. In late 2011, [[Hitachi]] announced availability of CB2000 and CB320 blade systems,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.hitachi.com/rev/archive/2012/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2012/03/26/r2012_02_104.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083641/http://www.hitachi.com/rev/archive/2012/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2012/03/26/r2012_02_104.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-14 |author1=Hitoshi Ueno |author2=Shinichi Matsumura |journal=Hitachi Review |volume=61 |date=2012 |issue=2}}</ref> which support LPAR on [[x86-64]] hardware. ==Hardware partitioning==
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On IBM mainframes, LPARs are managed by the [[PR/SM]] facility or a related, optional, simplified facility called Dynamic Partition Manager (DPM). All 64-bit IBM mainframes, except for the first generation 64-bit models (z900 and z800), operate exclusively in LPAR mode, even when there is only one partition on a machine. Multiple LPARs running z/OS can form a [[Sysplex]] or [[IBM Parallel Sysplex|Parallel Sysplex]], whether on one machine or spread across multiple machines.<ref name="redbooks.ibm.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247803.html |title=Security on the Mainframe |date=2009-12-02 |access-date=2010-01-14 |first=Karan |last=Singh}}</ref>
On IBM [[IBM pSeries|System p]] [[IBM Power Systems|POWER hardware]], LPARs are managed by PHYP (the POWER [[Hypervisor#Unix and Linux servers|Hypervisor]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/POWER6/iphb2/iphb2hypervisor.htm
|title=IBM Knowledge Center |website=www.ibm.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172011/http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/POWER6/iphb2/iphb2hypervisor.htm |archive-date=17 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> PHYP acts as a virtual switch between the LPARs and also handles the virtual [[SCSI]] traffic between LPARs. [[Micro-Partitioning]] supports 10 times as many LPARs as processors with fractional allocations. It was introduced with the [[POWER5]] processor. All IBM [[POWER5]], [[POWER6]], and successor systems may be partitioned. Note that a full system partition may be defined where all resources are consumed by a single partition. System P servers with PowerVM enabled allow LPARs with shared CPUs to delegate their unused cycles into the shared pool. Dedicated processors are not available for sharing. Unused cycles become available for other partitions and are governed by the parameters specified when the LPAR is defined. Changes to a running partition can be made dynamically up to the maximum value set, and down to the minimum value set in the active profile. The changing of resource allocations without restart of the logical partition is called [[Dynamic Logical Partitioning|dynamic logical partitioning]]. IBM PowerVM is the licensed/purchased feature that enables the virtualization features on p4, 5, 6, 7, and subsequent series servers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&appname=Demo&htmlfid=897/ENUS207-269 |title=IBM System p Virtualization — The most complete virtualization offering for UNIX and Linux |date=2007-11-06 |access-date=2010-04-06 |publisher=[[IBM]]}}</ref> Exploiting [[Intel vPro]] (i.e. [[Non-uniform memory access]]), there are also implementations of Logical Partitioning based on [[Xeon#Haswell-based Xeon|Intel Xeon]] e.g. by [[Hitachi Data Systems]].<ref name="HDS">{{cite web |url=https://www.hds.com/en-us/pdf/white-paper/hitachi-white-paper-high-performance-nested-virtualization-with-hitachi-lpar.pdf |title=High-Performance Nested Virtualization With Hitachi Logical Partitioning Feature |date=2014-09-01 |access-date=2016-05-29 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110617113238/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpieces/pdfs/sg247803.pdf Security on the Mainframe], December 2009, by Karan Singh, Chapter 4. Virtualization, page 24 and page 83.
* [https://www-01.ibm.com/servers/resourcelink/lib03030.nsf/web+search/0E6125F89F8B8EF6852572E6007E884D/$file/sa76-0098.pdf System i and System p: Logical Partitioning Guide]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&appname=Demo&htmlfid=897/ENUS207-269 IBM System p Virtualization — The most complete virtualization offering for UNIX and Linux]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304165859/http://www.hds.com/assets/pdf/hitachi-datasheet-compute-blade-logical-partitioning-lpar.pdf Hitachi Compute Blade LPARs]
* [http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/PRMPWR/wp-xpar.pdf Fujitsu XPARs (SPARC)] and [http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/computing/server/primequest/technology/io-partitioning.html "Flexible I/O and Partitioning" (x86_64)]
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