Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:52, 29 July 2022

Revision as of 05:28, 3 October 2022

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== Background ==

Gottman and Levenson's research focuses on differentiating failed and successful marriages and notes that nonverbal emotional displays progress in a linear pattern, creating a negative emotional and physical response that leads to withdrawal.<ref name=":02" /> Prior to the development of the model (1992-1994) little research had been conducted that focused on finding specific interactive behaviors and processes that resulted in marital dissatisfaction, separation, and [[divorce]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Gottman|first=John M.|date=1993|title=A theory of marital dissolution and stability.|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=57–75|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.7.1.57|issn=0893-3200}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Gottman|first1=John M.|last2=Levenson|first2=Robert W.|date=1992|title=Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=63|issue=2|pages=221–233|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.221|pmid=1403613|issn=0022-3514}}</ref> Additionally, Gottman and Levenson's research indicated that not all negative interactions, like [[anger]], are predictive of relational separation and divorce.<ref name=":12" /> However, Gottman's research shows a strong correlation between the presence of contempt in a marriage and the couple's likelihood towards divorce as a consequence.

Gottman and Levenson's research notes that the "cascade toward relational dissolution" can be predicted by the regulation, or non-regulation, of positive to negative interactions of couples, with couples that regulated their positive-to-negative interactions being significantly less likely to experience the cascade.<ref name=":12" /> This research has been furthered by looking at ways to intervene in the cascade communication process, and its application to other types and models of relationships, including homosexual marriages.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Garanzini|first1=Salvatore|last2=Yee|first2=Alapaki|last3=Gottman|first3=John|last4=Gottman|first4=Julie|last5=Cole|first5=Carrie|last6=Preciado|first6=Marisa|last7=Jasculca|first7=Carolyn|date=October 2017|title=Results of Gottman Method Couples Therapy with Gay and Lesbian Couples|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy|language=en|volume=43|issue=4|pages=674–684|doi=10.1111/jmft.12276|pmid=28940625}}</ref>

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=== Horseman Two: Defensiveness ===

[[Defensiveness]] is a reaction to pervasive criticism which often results in responding to criticism with more criticism, and sometimes contempt, and the second level of the Cascade Model.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /> Defensiveness is a protective behavior and is indicated by shifting [[blame]] and avoiding responsibility, often in an attempt to defend against the first two horsemen.<ref name=":3" /> Defensiveness stems from an internal response to protect one’sone's pride and self-worth. The body may go into fight or flight mode to protect against a perceived threat in the defensive stage. Fowler and Dillow also characterize defensiveness as utilizing negative counter-attack behaviors such as [[Frustration|whining]], making negative assumptions about the other's feelings, and denials of responsibility.<ref name=":5" /> Gottman and Levenson's research found defensiveness to be strongest amongst men.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12" />

=== Horseman Three: Contempt ===

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They found that those couples who ended up separating had the following attributes<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thornton|first=Jesse|date=2017-08-29|title=Why Couples Divorce: Six Predictors|url=https://foundationsfamily.com/couples-divorce-six-predictors/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Foundations Family Counseling|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-09|title=6 Predictors of Divorce|url=https://fathers.com.sg/6-predictors-of-divorce/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Centre for Fathering Ltd|language=en-GB}}</ref> in their marriage:

* ''Harsh Startup:'' in arguments or disagreements, those couples who participated in harsh startups were those who begin an argument with great aggression, refused to see another’sanother's point of view, or brought issues up at inappropriate times.

* ''The Four Horsemen:'' as above.

* ''[[Emotional flooding|Emotional Flooding]]:'' this condition occurs when one partner feels overwhelmed and their brain begins to protect itself by shutting down. They physically and mentally cannot process anymore what the other is saying. This may lead to the person who is not flooded to think the flooded person is not listening or does not care, when in fact, their system has been overwhelmed. This may occur when one partner brings up a controversial topic or points out many flaws in another in a short period of time.  

* ''[[Emotional flooding|Emotional Flooding]]:'' this condition occurs when one partner feels overwhelmed and their brain begins to protect itself by shutting down. They physically and mentally cannot process anymore what the other is saying. This may lead to the person who is not flooded to think the flooded person is not listening or does not care, when in fact, their system has been overwhelmed. This may occur when one partner brings up a controversial topic or points out many flaws in another in a short period of time.  

* ''Body Language:'' whether the couple is sending mixed messages, participating in a double-bind kind of thinking, or sending hostile nonverbal cues, destruction occurs.

* ''Repair Attempts that were not accepted'': a repair attempt is anything that one partner does to try to bring the relationship back into control. This could be de-escalation tactics, bringing up something about which you both stand on common ground about, or even an inside joke. These attempts, when accepted and acted upon, encourage intimacy and affection in a marriage and allow the situation to deescalate. Those who do not participate in this tactic will have a greater likelihood of an argument or fight escalating out of control.

* ''A Negative View on their marriage and their overall happiness together:'' Gottman found that those in the study who ended up divorcing or having low marital satisfaction thought about landmarks in their marriages as negative. The landmark moments that most people think of with fondness, such as their engagement, wedding, reception, birth of a child, etc., were almost all met with criticism from those in unhappy marriages. These people had trained their brain<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage and Couples - Research|url=https://www.gottman.com/about/research/couples/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Gottman Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> that their partner had never met their needs and there had never been happiness in their relationship.

* ''Belligerence'': Bad couples will sometimes try to provoke the other party with statements like "You think you're tough? Then do it!"<ref name="The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work">{{cite book |last1=PhD |first1=John Gottman |last2=Silver |first2=Nan |title=The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Country's Foremost Relationship Expert |date=5 May 2015 |___location=New York |isbn=9780553447712}}</ref>

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== The marital typology ==

Gottman's research indicates that there are five types of marriages: three of which are stable and avoid entering the Cascade Model, and two that are volatile.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Julian|last2=Tyson|first2=Rebecca|last3=White|first3=Jane|last4=Rushe|first4=Regina|s2cid=122029386|display-authors=et al|date=1995|title=Mathematics of marital conflict: Qualitative dynamic mathematical modeling of marital interaction.|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=110–130|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.9.2.110|issn=0893-3200}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> All of the three stable couple types achieve a similar balance between positive and negative affect; however, this does not mean that negative interactions or communication is completely eliminated.<ref name=":7" />

=== Stable couple typologies ===

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=== Proximal change interventions ===

Gottman and Tabres research on proximal change interventions attempts to interrupt the negative communications process by creating chances for positive influence to help alter relational dynamics and alter or repair damage done by the cascade.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Gottman|first1=John M.|last2=Tabares|first2=Amber|date=2017|title=The Effects of Briefly Interrupting Marital Conflict|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=61–72|doi=10.1111/jmft.12243|pmid=28656613}}</ref> Two interventions were implemented, a "compliments intervention" and a "criticize intervention" design to increase positivity and negativity respectively.<ref name=":4" /> Groups were randomly assigned one of the two intervention conditions or a control group.

{{quoteblockquote|There was no main effect in affect from the pretest conflict discussion to the posttest conflict discussion between the interventions or control group. However, a manipulation check on ''how'' couples acted during either intervention produced a significant interaction effect.<ref name=":4" />}}

The research indicated that couples determined the effectiveness of the interventions, as many non-regulated couples who have entered the Cascade Model will "construe" interventions by coding them into criticisms and/or by communicating with contempt.<ref name=":4" /> The effectiveness of these interventions is contingent on the continued facilitation and monitoring of interventions by therapists.<ref name=":4" />

=== Avoidance and anxiety attachment ===

Researchers Fowler and Dillow note that avoidance attachment can be predictive of defensiveness and stonewalling whereby an individual is reluctant to depend on others.<ref name=":5" /> Those with avoidance attachment may also struggle to regulate negative emotions and be prone to lashing out at partners.<ref name=":5" /> Fowler and Dillow hypothesized that avoidance attachment can be predictive through self-reports of criticism, contempt and defensiveness; however, research finding indicated that avoidance attachment was only predictive of stonewalling.<ref name=":5" />

Fowler and Dillow noted that anxiety attachment, characterized by over-dependence, flooding, and fear of rejection, will also predict criticism, contempt, and defensiveness as those who exhibit anxiety attachment tend to become [[self-fulfilling prophecies]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Flooding ===

Flooding occurs when strong negative emotions are present within exchanges between individuals. It causes individuals to feel overwhelmed and can lead to destructive communication such as name calling and criticism. Often timesOftentimes, individuals express that their partner’spartner's negative emotions come out of nowhere and therefore they will do what they feel is necessary to retreat from the negativity.

Individuals may begin to adopt behaviors that discourage effective communication such as becoming defensive and generating negative qualities for their partner’spartner's behavior. Further, marital satisfaction has been shown to decrease over time as couples are more aroused during conflict. This in turn causes a destructive loop of higher frequencies of flooding as well as an increase in self-isolation and destructive communication patterns.

To combat flooding, couples could try to take breaks during conflict. Doing this has proved to reduce heart rates, which in turn, reduces negative behaviors. Another way to reduce flooding is to resolve conflicts through text-based or voice communication instead of face to face. This may allow individuals to regulate their emotions with more control.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kashian|first=Nicole|date=2019-11-24|title=The Influence of Channel, Flooding, and Repair on Effective Couple Conflict Communication|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/12445|journal=International Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=13|pages=20|issn=1932-8036}}</ref>

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==== Homosexual couples ====

Research from 2017 indicates that, while the study of the Gottman Method's application to homosexual couples is relatively new, most same-sex couples are not inherently different from their heterosexual counterparts.<ref name=":6" /> Garanzini, et al.'s research indicated that the length of treatment for homosexual couples was not statistically different from the comparable national averages for heterosexual couples.<ref name=":6" /> There was a significant increase in effect noted, which can be attributed to the idea that "same-sex couples generally function better than heterosexual couples due to smaller gender-role and inequality."<ref name=":6" /> This is due to more equality within homosexual relationships, as equality of support plays a larger role within same-sex relationships than heterosexual relationships.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Garanzini|first1=Salvatore|last2=Yee|first2=Alapaki|last3=Gottman|first3=John|last4=Gottman|first4=Julie|last5=Cole|first5=Carrie|last6=Preciado|first6=Marisa|last7=Jasculca|first7=Carolyn|date=2017|title=Results of Gottman Method Couples Therapy with Gay and Lesbian Couples|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jmft.12276|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy|language=en|volume=43|issue=4|pages=674–684|doi=10.1111/jmft.12276|pmid=28940625|issn=1752-0606}}</ref> It is also noted that the Gottman Model of Therapy created a better platform for the discussion of relationship equality preferences.<ref name=":6" /> Studies have shown that homosexual partners tend to share similar communication styles and opinions about gender roles. Further, they are more positive when engaging in disagreements, which fosters the ability to talk about equality preferences within their relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1name=Garanzini|first1=Salvatore|last2=Yee|first2=Alapaki|last3=Gottman|first3=John|last4=Gottman|first4=Julie|last5=Cole|first5=Carrie|last6=Preciado|first6=Marisa|last7=Jasculca|first7=Carolyn|date=2017|title=Results of Gottman Method Couples Therapy with Gay and Lesbian Couples|url=https://"onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/doi/abs/10.1111/jmft.12276|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy|language=en|volume=43|issue=4|pages=674–684|doi=10.1111/jmft.12276|pmid=28940625|issn=1752-0606}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==