|
The '''Invasion of Java in 1811''' was a successful British [[amphibious operation]] against the Dutch East Indian island of [[Java]] that took place between August and September 1811 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Originally established as a colony of the [[Dutch Republic]], Java remained in Dutch hands throughout the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and Napoleonic Wars, during which time the French invaded the Republic and established the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1795, and the [[Kingdom of Holland]] in 1806. The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the [[First French Empire]] in 1810, and Java became a titular French colony, though it continued to be administered and defended primarily by Dutch personnel.
After the fall of French colonies in the West Indies in 1809 and 1810, and a successful [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811|campaign against French possessions in Mauritius]] in 1810 and 1811, attention turned to the [[Dutch East Indies]]. An expedition was dispatched from India in April 1811, while a small squadron of frigates was ordered to patrol off the island, raiding shipping and launching amphibious assaults against [[Target of opportunity|targets of opportunity]]. Troops were landed on 4 August, and by 8 August the undefended city of [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] capitulated. The defenders withdrew to a previously prepared fortified position, [[Fort Cornelis]], which the British besieged, capturing it early in the morning of 26 August. The remaining defenders, a mixture of Dutch and French regulars and native militiamen, withdrew, pursued by the British. A series of amphibious and land assaults captured most of the remaining strongholds, and the city of [[Salatiga]] surrendered on 16 September, followed by the official capitulation of the island to the British on 18 September. The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was restored to the Dutch in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814 (Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814) :
The island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, but was restored to the Dutch in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Convention of London]] in 1814.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
=== Possessions ===
The treaty returned the colonial possessions of the Dutch as they were at 1 January 1803, before the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, with the exception of the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]] and the South American settlements of [[Demerara]], [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] and [[Berbice]], where the Dutch retained trading rights.
In addition, the British ceded the island of [[Bangka Island|Banca]] off the island of [[Sumatra]] in exchange for the settlement of [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] in India and its dependencies on the [[Dutch Malabar|coast of Malabar]]. The Dutch also ceded the district of [[Bernagore]], situated close to [[Calcutta]], in exchange for an annual fee.
=== Cooperation ===
The treaty also noted a declaration of 15 June 1814 by the Dutch, that ships for the [[slave trade]] were no longer permitted in British ports. That restriction would be extended to a ban on involvement in the slave trade by Dutch citizens. Britain also agreed to pay £1,000,000 to Sweden to resolve [[Guadeloupe Fund|a claim]] to the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Guadeloupe]].
The British and the Dutch agreed to spend £2,000,000 each on improving the defences of the [[Low Countries]] The term '''Low Countries''', also known as the '''Low Lands''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''de Lage Landen'', [[French language|French]]: ''les Pays-Bas'', [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]: ''déi Niddereg Lännereien'') and historically called the '''Netherlands''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''de Nederlanden''), '''Flanders''', or '''Belgica''', refers to a coastal lowland region in Northwestern [[Europe]] forming the lower basin of the [[Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta]] and consisting of three countries: [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]]. Geographically and historically, the area also includes parts of [[France]] and [[Germany]] such as the [[French Flanders]] and the German regions of [[East Frisia]] and [[Cleves]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], the Low Countries were divided into numerous semi-independent principalities. . More funds, of up to £3,000,000, are mentioned for the "final and satisfactory settlement of the Low Countries in union with Holland."
Disputes arising from the treaty were the subject of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]].
[[File:Thomas Stamford Raffles Map of Java (Central Java).jpg|frameless|325x325px]][[File:Central Java Region map.png|frameless|415x415px]]
[[File:IndonesiaCentralJava.png|frameless|678x678px]]
==Background==
|
