Animal–computer interaction: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:14, 28 September 2022

Revision as of 14:37, 10 October 2022

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{{Short description|Field of research}}

'''Animal–Computer Interaction''' ('''ACI''') is a field of research for the design and use of technology with, for and by animals covering different kinds of animals from wildlife, zoo and domesticated animals in different roles.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Hirskyj-Douglas |firstfirst1=Ilyena |last2=Pons |first2=Patricia |last3=Read |first3=Janet C. |last4=Jaen |first4=Javier |date=June 2018 |title=Seven Years after the Manifesto: Literature Review and Research Directions for Technologies in Animal Computer Interaction |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/2/2/30 |journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=30 |doi=10.3390/mti2020030 |issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free }}</ref> It emerged from, and was heavily influenced by, the discipline of [[Human–computer interaction]] (HCI). As the field expanded, it has become increasingly multi-disciplinary, incorporating techniques and research from disciplines such as [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), [[requirements engineering]] (RE), and [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary science]].

A central theme of ACI research is establishing how user-centred design approaches and methods from HCI can be adapted to design for animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite conference |vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2016|title=Becoming with: Towards the Inclusion of Animals As Participants in Design Processes |book-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |___location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1:1–1:10 |doi=10.1145/2995257.2995392 |isbn=9781450347587 |s2cid=18669570|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10964 |via=Malmö University Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference | vauthors = Zamansky A, Roshier A, Mancini C, Collins EC, Hall C, Grillaert K, Morrison A, North S, Wirman H |date=2017|title=A Report on the First International Workshop on Research Methods in Animal-Computer Interaction |book-title=CHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |___location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–815|doi=10.1145/3027063.3052759|isbn=9781450346566|s2cid=22209273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C, Lawson S, Juhlin O |title=Animal-Computer Interaction: The emergence of a discipline|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=129–134|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.10.003|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48565/3/IJHCS-SI-ACI-Editorial-ORO.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = North S, Mancini C |date=June 2016|title=Frameworks for ACI: animals as stakeholders in the design process|journal=Interactions|volume=23|issue=4|pages=34–36|doi=10.1145/2946043|s2cid=229345990|issn=1072-5520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Zamansky A, Van Der Linden D, Baskin S | date = September 2017 |title=Pushing Boundaries of RE: Requirement Elicitation for Non-human Users|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8049148|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)|pages=406–411|doi=10.1109/RE.2017.30| hdl = 1983/d9b68bcb-352c-418b-871a-d3c72ffb0d13 |isbn=978-1-5386-3191-1|s2cid=4764365}}</ref> Accordingly, many studies seek to adopt 'animal-centred' approaches to design and research.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hirskyj-Douglas I, Read JC, Cassidy B |title=A dog centred approach to the analysis of dogs' interactions with media on TV screens|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=208–220|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.05.007|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2014|title=Grounded Zoomorphism: An Evaluation Methodology for ACI Design|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference|series=ACE '14 Workshops|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=5:1–5:6|doi=10.1145/2693787.2693796|isbn=9781450333146|s2cid=3171568|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10806 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = van der Linden D, Zamansky A | date = September 2017 |title=Agile with Animals: Towards a Development Method|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8054889|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)|pages=423–426|doi=10.1109/REW.2017.11|isbn=978-1-5386-3488-2|s2cid=8244248}}</ref>

In an ''ACI Manifesto'' (2011), Mancini defines one aim of ACI as understanding "the interaction between animals and computing technology within the contexts in which animals habitually live, are active, and socialise with members of the same or other species, including humans".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |date=July 2011|title=Animal-computer Interaction: A Manifesto|journal=Interactions|volume=18|issue=4|pages=69–73|doi=10.1145/1978822.1978836|s2cid=13009441 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/28857/1/ACI-Manifesto-OpenResearchOnline.pdf}}</ref> She additionally proposes three core design goals for the field: enhancing animals' quality of life and wellbeing; supporting animals in the functions assigned to them by humans; and supporting human-animal relationships. Accordingly, some ACI research has given considerable attention to questions of animal ethics<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |title=Towards an animal-centred ethics for Animal–Computer Interaction|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=221–233|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.008|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/46164/1/Mancini_1-s2.0-S1071581916300180-main.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=French |firstfirst1=Fiona |last2=Hirskyj-Douglas |first2=Ilyena |last3=Väätäjä |first3=Heli |last4=Pons |first4=Patricia |last5=Karl |first5=Sabrina |last6=Chisik |first6=Yoram |last7=Nannoni |first7=Eleonora |last8=Zamansky |first8=Anna |last9=Mangat |first9=Mandeep |last10=Paci |first10=Patrizia |last11=Kasuga |first11=Haruka |last12=Vilker |first12=Dana |date=2021-06-01 |title=Ethics and Power Dynamics in Playful Technology for Animals: Using speculative design to provoke reflection |journal=Academic Mindtrek 2021 |series=Mindtrek 2021 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1145/3464327.3464366 |isbn=978-1-4503-8514-5|s2cid=237433989 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/79012/1/79012.pdf }}</ref>,welfare,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Mancini C, Van Der Linden J, Kortuem G, Dewsbury G, Mills D, Boyden P |date=2014|title=UbiComp for Animal Welfare: Envisioning Smart Environments for Kenneled Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing|series=UbiComp '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=117–128|doi=10.1145/2632048.2632073|isbn=9781450329682|s2cid=6213881|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/41242/1/ubicomp%202014%20p117-mancini%20animal%20welfare%20in%20kennels.pdf}}</ref> consent and power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/july-august-2016/power-participation-and-the-dog-internet|title=Power, Participation, and the Dog Internet| vauthors = Lawson S, Kirman B, Linehan C |date=August 2016|work=Interactions|access-date=23 November 2017 |pages=37 }}</ref>

== Applications ==

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== Animal Internet Technologies ==

Recent work in ACI has focused on how internet connected technologies, such as [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT), can support animals.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Hirskyj-Douglas |firstfirst1=Ilyena |last2=Lucero |first2=Andrés |date=2019-05-02 |title=On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog... Unless You're Another Dog |journal=Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |series=CHI '19 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3290605.3300347 |isbn=978-1-4503-5970-2|s2cid=85512429 }}</ref> This includes technologies such as remote video call devices for dogs to call their owners,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Hirskyj-Douglas |firstfirst1=Ilyena |last2=Piitulainen |first2=Roosa |last3=Lucero |first3=Andrés |date=2021-11-03 |title=Forming the Dog Internet: Prototyping a Dog-to-Human Video Call Device |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3488539 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=5 |issue=<nowiki>ISS</nowiki> |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1145/3488539 |s2cid=243765497 |issn=2573-0142}}</ref> speculative technologies for dogs to sense their owners <ref>{{Cite conference |lastlast1=RTD Conference |last2=Kirman |first2=Ben |last3=Lawson |first3=Shaun |last4=Linehan |first4=Conor |date=2019 |title=The Dog Internet: Autonomy and Interspecies Design |book-title=RTD2017: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_Dog_Internet_Autonomy_and_Interspecies_Design/4747039 |pages=1719725 Bytes |doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.4747039 |via=FigShare}}</ref> and technologies to support dog-to-dog interactions mediated by the internet.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Hirskyj-Douglas |firstfirst1=Ilyena |last2=Lucero |first2=Andrés |date=2019-05-02 |title=On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog... Unless You're Another Dog |journal=Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |series=CHI '19 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3290605.3300347 |isbn=978-1-4503-5970-2|s2cid=85512429 }}</ref> Much of this work has focused on how how to incorporate interspecies design into the process and what the user experience and what interactive internet systems look like with animal users.<ref name=":2" />

== Conferences ==