{{short description|Solution to the spacecraft attitude determination problem}}{{Tone|date=June 2022}}
The '''Triad method''' is one of the earliest{{when|date=August 2022}} and simplest solutions to the spacecraft attitude determination problem,.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Black|first=Harold|title=A Passive System for Determining the Attitude of a Satellite|journal=AIAA Journal|date=July 1964|volume=2|issue=7|pages=1350–1351|doi=10.2514/3.2555|bibcode = 1964AIAAJ...2.1350. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Black|first=Harold|title=Early Developments of Transit, the Navy Navigation Satellite System|journal=Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics|date=July–August 1990|volume=13|issue=4|pages=577–585|doi=10.2514/3.25373|bibcode = 1990JGCD...13..577B }}</ref> due Given the knowledge of two vectors in the reference and body coordinates of a satellite, the Trian algorithm obtains the direction cosine matrix relating to Haroldboth Blackframes. Harold Black played a key role in the development of the guidance, navigation, and control of the U.S. Navy's Transit satellite system at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratories. AsevidentTriad from the literature, TRIAD representsrepresented the state of practice in spacecraft attitude determination, well before the advent of [[Wahba's problem]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wahba|first=Grace|title=A Least Squares Estimate of Satellite Attitude, Problem 65.1|journal=SIAM Review|date=July 1966|pages=385–386|doi=10.1137/1008080|volume=8}}</ref> and its several optimal solutions. Given the knowledge of two vectors in the reference and body coordinates of a satellite, the TRIAD algorithm obtains the direction cosine matrix relating to both frames. Covariance analysis for Black's classical solution was subsequently provided by Markley.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Markley|first=Landis|title=Attitude Determination Using Vector Observations: A Fast Optimal Matrix Algorithm|journal=The Journal of Astronautical Sciences|date=April–June 1993|volume=41|issue=2|pages=261–280|url=http://www.malcolmdshuster.com/FC_Markley_1993_J_FOAM_JAS_MDSscan.pdf|accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
==Summary==
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==Applications==
Triad was used as an attitude determination technique to process the telemetry data from the Transit satellite system (used by the U.S. Navy for navigation). The principles of the Transit system gave rise to the global positioning system satellite constellation. In an application problem, the reference vectors are usually known directions (e.g. stars, Earth magnetic field, gravity vector, etc.). Body fixed vectors are the measured directions as observed by an on-board sensor (e.g. star tracker, magnetometer, etc.). With advances in micro-electronics, attitude determination algorithms such as Triad have found their place in a variety of devices (e.g. smart phones, cars, tablets, UAVs etc.) with a broad impact on the modern society.
