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== Control after disturbance ==
{{main|Frequency control|Voltage control and reactive power management}}
Small mismatches between the total demand and total load are typical and initially are taken care of by the [[kinetic energy]] of the rotating machinery (mostly [[synchronous generators]]): when there is too much supply, the devices absorb the excess, and frequency goes above the scheduled rate, conversely, too much demand causes the generator to deliver extra electricity through slowing down, with frequency slightly decreasing,{{sfn|NERC|2021|p=1}} not requiring an intervention form the operator. There are obvious limits to this "immediate control", so a ''control continuum'' is built into a typical power grid, spanning reaction intervals from seconds ("primary control") to hours ("time control").{{sfn|NERC|2021|p=6}}
=== Seconds-after control ===
The ''primary control'' is engaged automatically within seconds after the frequency disturbance. Primary control stabilizes the situation, but does not return the conditions to the normal and is applied both to the generation side (where the [[Governor (device)|governor]] adjusts the power of the [[Prime mover (engine)|prime mover]]) and to the load, where:{{sfn|NERC|2011|p=12}}
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