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A '''low-level programming language''' is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's
A '''low-level programming language''' is a [[programming language]] that provides little or no [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstraction]] from a computer's [[instruction set architecture]]—commands or functions in the language map that are structurally similar to processor's instructions. Generally, this refers to either [[machine code]] or [[assembly language]]. Because of the low (hence the word) abstraction between the language and machine language, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware". Programs written in low-level languages tend to be relatively [[Software portability|non-portable]], due to being optimized for a certain type of system architecture.▼
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Low-level languages can convert to machine code without a [[compiler]] or [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]]—[[second-generation programming language]]s use a simpler processor called an [[Assembly language#Assemble|assembler]]—and the resulting code runs directly on the processor. A program written in a low-level language can be made to run very quickly, with a small [[memory footprint]]. An equivalent program in a [[high-level language]] can be less efficient and use more memory. Low-level languages are simple, but considered difficult to use, due to numerous technical details that the programmer must remember. By comparison, a [[high-level programming language]] isolates execution semantics of a computer architecture from the specification of the program, which simplifies development.▼
▲Low-level languages can convert to machine code without a
== Machine code ==
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