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'''Ternate''' is a language of northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the {{link-interwiki|Ternate people|id|Suku Ternate|lt=Ternate people}}, who inhabit the island of [[Ternate]] and some other areas of the archipelago, including the western coast of [[Halmahera]], [[Mount Hiri|Hiri]], [[Obi Islands|Obi]], [[Kayoa]], and the [[Bacan Islands]].<ref name="pcd">{{Citation | author = | first = C.L. |last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | title = Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26 | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-85883-370-0 | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | oclc = 220535054 | pages = 181–209 | doi = 10.15144/PL-A76.181 | chapter = The languages of the North Halmaheran stock | series = Pacific Linguistics A-76 | url = }}</ref><ref name="LeBarAppell">{{Citation |editor-first = George N. |editor-last = Appell |first = E.K.M. |last = Masinambow |chapter = Ternatans |title = Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia |volume = 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-87536-403-2 |publisher = Human Relations Area Files Press |page = 120 |oclc = 650009 |___location = New Haven |url = }}</ref> Historically, it served as the primary language of the [[Sultanate of Ternate]], famous for its role in the [[spice trade]]. It has established itself as a [[lingua franca]] of the [[North Maluku]] province.<ref name="bigenc"/><ref>{{citation |first = Iem |last = Brown |title = The Territories of Indonesia |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lfPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |chapter = Maluku Islands and Papua (North Maluku) |pages = 175–182 |date = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-135-35541-8 |oclc = 881430426 |___location = London–New York |publisher = Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203403013}}</ref> A [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language]], it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] family.<ref name=":0" />
This language should be distinguished from [[North Moluccan Malay|Ternate Malay]] (North Moluccan Malay), a local [[Malay-based creole languages|Malay-based creole]] which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island.<ref name=lb/><ref>{{Cite web | last = Litamahuputty | first = Betty | title = Description of Ternate Malay | publisher = [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]], [[Jakarta]] station | date = March 10, 2007 | url = http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225430/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | archive-date = June 10, 2007 }}</ref> More recently, there has been a [[language shift]] from Ternate towards Malay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdi Ahmad |last2=Sumarlam Sumarlam |last3=Djatmika Djatmika |last4=Sri Marmanto |title=Pemertahanan bahasa Ternate pada masyarakat multilingual |journal=Prasasti: Conference Series |date=13 August 2016 |url=https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosidingprasasti/article/view/1574 |language=id |pages=466–473 |doi=10.20961/pras.v0i0.1574|doi-broken-date=31 July 2022 }}</ref><ref name="JurnalEtnohistori">{{Citation |first = Farida |last = Maricar |first2 = Ety |last2 = Duwila |title = Vitalitas bahasa Ternate di Pulau Ternate |date = 2017 |journal = Jurnal Etnohistori: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan dan Kesejarahan |volume = 4 |number = 2 |pages = 136–151 |url = https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |language = id |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903152910/https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |archive-date = 2020-09-03 |}}</ref> It can be assumed that its role as a lingua franca has greatly waned.<ref name="pcd/> While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia,<ref name="bigenc">{{Cite web |title=ТЕРНАТАНЦЫ |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4189519 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Большая российская энциклопедия
|language=ru }}</ref> it is not known how many expatriate Ternateans still speak the language.<ref name="pcd/> In Indonesian, it is generally known as ''bahasa Ternate'', however the term ''bahasa Ternate asli'' is sometimes used to distinguish it from Ternate Malay.<ref name="lb">{{Cite journal |last=Litamahuputty |first=Betty |date=2012 |title=A description of Ternate Malay |url=http://wacana.ui.ac.id/index.php/wjhi/article/download/66/60 |journal=Wacana |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=335}}</ref>
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