Grid computing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:50, 17 December 2022

Revision as of 02:49, 18 December 2022

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CPU scavenging and [[volunteer computing]] were popularized beginning in 1997 by [[distributed.net]] and later in 1999 by [[SETI@home]] to harness the power of networked PCs worldwide, in order to solve CPU-intensive research problems.<ref name="anderson1">{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=David P|last2=Cobb|display-authors=etal|first2=Jeff|title=SETI@home: an experiment in public-resource computing|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=November 2002|volume=45|issue=11|pages=56–61|doi=10.1145/581571.581573|s2cid=15439521}}</ref><ref name="durrani1">{{cite journal|last1=Nouman Durrani|first1=Muhammad|last2=Shamsi|first2=Jawwad A.|title=Volunteer computing: requirements, challenges, and solutions|journal=Journal of Network and Computer Applications|date=March 2014|volume=39|pages=369–380|doi=10.1016/j.jnca.2013.07.006}}</ref>

The ideas of the grid (including those from distributed computing, object-oriented programming, and Web services) were brought together by [[Ian Foster (computer scientist)|Ian Foster]] and [[Steve Tuecke]] of the [[University of Chicago]], and [[Carl Kesselman]] of the [[University of Southern California]]'s [[Information Sciences Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Bridget |date=2019-11-06 |title=Grid Computing Pioneer Steve Tuecke Passes Away at 52 |url=https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/cybersecurity/grid-computing-pioneer-steve-tuecke-passes-away-at-52/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> The trio, who led the effort to create the [[Globus Toolkit]], is widely regarded as the "fathers of the grid".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0404/features/index.shtml|title=Father of the Grid}}</ref> The toolkit incorporates not just computation management but also [[Storage Resource Management (SRM)|storage management]], security provisioning, data movement, monitoring, and a toolkit for developing additional services based on the same infrastructure, including agreement negotiation, notification mechanisms, trigger services, and information aggregation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salem |first=M. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258119520_Grid_Computing_A_New_Paradigm_for_Healthcare_TechnologiesApplications258119520 |title=Grid Computing: A New Paradigm for Healthcare Technologies/Applications |publisher=ResearchGate |year=2007 |access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> While the Globus Toolkit remains the de facto standard for building grid solutions, a number of other tools have been built that answer some subset of services needed to create an enterprise or global grid.

In 2007 the term [[cloud computing]] came into popularity, which is conceptually similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity is from the [[power grid]]) and earlier utility computing.

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==Projects and applications==

Grid computing offers a way to solve [[Grand Challenge problem]]s such as [[protein folding]], financial [[model (abstract)|modeling]], [[earthquake]] simulation, and [[climate]]/[[weather]] modeling, and was integral in enabling the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kertcher |first1=Zack |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Rohan |last3=Coslor |first3=Erica |title=Pleasingly parallel: Early cross-disciplinary work for innovation diffusion across boundaries in grid computing |journal=Journal of Business Research |date=23 April 2020 |volume=116 |pages=581–594 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.04.018 |s2cid=219048576 }}</ref> Grids offer a way of using the information technology resources optimally inside an organization. They also provide a means for offering information technology as a [[utility computing|utility]] for commercial and noncommercial clients, with those clients paying only for what they use, as with electricity or water.

As of October 2016, over 4 million machines running the open-source [[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC) platform are members of the [[World Community Grid]].<ref name="BoincStats" /> One of the projects using BOINC is [[SETI@home]], which was using more than 400,000 computers to achieve 0.828 [[FLOPS|TFLOPS]] as of October 2016. As of October 2016 [[Folding@home]], which is not part of BOINC, achieved more than 101 x86-equivalent petaflops on over 110,000 machines.<ref name="FAH osstats2" />

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* {{cite web|first=Bart|last=Jacob|title=Enabling Applications for Grid Computing|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246936.html?Open|publisher=IBM|display-authors=etal|date=2016-09-30}}

* {{cite web|first=Luis|last=Ferreira|title=Grid Services Programming and Application Enablement|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246100.html?Open|publisher=IBM|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204081009/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246100.html?Open|archive-date=2012-02-04}}

* {{cite webbook|first=Bart|last=Jacob|title=Introduction to Grid Computing|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246778.html?Open|publisher=IBM|display-authors=etal|date=2016-09-30}}

* {{cite web|first=Luis|last=Ferreira|title=Grid Computing in Research and Education|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg246649.html?Open|publisher=IBM|display-authors=etal|date=2016-09-30}}

* {{cite web|first=Luis|last=Ferreira|title=Globus Toolkit 3.0 Quick Start|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp3697.html?Open|publisher=IBM|display-authors=etal|access-date=2006-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204081027/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp3697.html?Open|archive-date=2012-02-04|url-status=dead}}