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[[Split and merge segmentation|Split-and-merge segmentation]] is based on a [[quadtree]] partition of an image. It is sometimes called quadtree segmentation.
This method starts at the root of the tree that represents the whole image. If it is found non-uniform (not homogeneous), then it is split into four child squares (the splitting process), and so on. If, in contrast, four child squares are homogeneous, they are merged as several connected components (the merging process). The node in the tree is a segmented node. This process continues recursively until no further splits or merges are possible.<ref name="split-and-merge1">S.L. Horowitz and T. Pavlidis, Picture Segmentation by a Directed Split and Merge Procedure, Proc. ICPR, 1974, Denmark, pp. 424–433.</ref><ref name="split-and-merge2">S.L. Horowitz and T. Pavlidis, Picture Segmentation by a Tree Traversal Algorithm, Journal of the ACM, 23 (1976), pp. 368–388.</ref> When a special data structure is involved in the implementation of the algorithm of the method, its time complexity can reach <math>O(n\log n)</math>, an optimal algorithm of the method.<ref name="split-and-merge3">L. Chen, [http://www.spclab.com/research/lambda/lambdaConn91.pdf The lambda-connected segmentation and the optimal algorithm for split-and-merge segmentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054934/http://www.spclab.com/research/lambda/lambdaConn91.pdf |date=2016-03-10 }}, Chinese J. Computers, 14(1991), pp 321–331</ref>
== Partial differential equation-based methods ==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100518124644/http://csc.fsksm.utm.my/syed/projects/image-processing.html Some sample code that performs basic segmentation], by Syed Zainudeen. University Technology of Malaysia.
* [https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11075-008-9183-x Generalized Fast Marching method] by Forcadel et al. [2008] for applications in image segmentation.
* [http://www.iprg.co.in Image Processing Research Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228051352/http://www.iprg.co.in/ |date=2020-12-28 }} An Online Open Image Processing Research Community.
* [https://www.mathworks.com/discovery/image-segmentation.html Segmentation methods in image processing and analysis] and [https://blogs.mathworks.com/pick/2017/12/07/minimizing-energy-to-segment-images-or-cluster-data/ Minimizing energy to segment images] by Mathworks
* [http://disp.ee.ntu.edu.tw/meeting/%E6%98%B1%E7%BF%94/Segmentation%20tutorial.pdf More image segmentation methods with detailed algorithms] by Yu-Hsiang Wang (王昱翔), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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