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{{Short description|Theory in the philosophy of science}}
The '''unity of science''' is a thesis in [[philosophy of science]] that says that all the sciences form a unified whole.
Early versions of the unity of science thesis can be found in [[ancient Greek philosophers]] such as [[Aristotle]],{{sfn|Cat|2017}}{{sfn|Wilson|2000}} and in the later history of [[Western philosophy]].{{sfn|Cat|2017}} For example, in the first half of the 20th century the thesis was associated with the unity of science movement led by [[Otto Neurath]],{{sfn|Symons|Pombo|Torres|2011}} and in the second half of the century the thesis was advocated by [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] in "General System Theory: A New Approach to Unity of Science" (1951){{sfn|Bertalanffy|1951}} and by [[Paul Oppenheim]] and [[Hilary Putnam]] in "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis" (1958).{{sfn|Oppenheim|Putnam|1958}} It has been opposed by [[Jerry Fodor]] in "Special Sciences (Or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis)" (1974),{{sfn|Fodor|1974}} by [[Paul Feyerabend]] in ''Against Method'' (1975) and later works,{{sfn|Feyerabend|1993}}{{sfn|Feyerabend|2011}} and by [[John Dupré]] in "The Disunity of Science" (1983){{sfn|Dupré|1983}} and ''The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science'' (1993).{{sfn|Dupré|1993}}
[[Jean Piaget]] suggested, in his 1918 book ''Recherche''{{sfn|Piaget|1918}} and later books, that the unity of science can be considered in terms of a circle of the sciences, where logic is the foundation for mathematics, which is the foundation for mechanics and physics, and physics is the foundation for chemistry, which is the foundation for biology, which is the foundation for sociology, the moral sciences, psychology, and the theory of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge is based on logic, completing the circle,{{sfn|Braun|Baribeau|1984}} without implying that any science could be [[Reductionism|reduced]] to any other.{{sfn|Kitchener|1981}}
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* {{cite book |editor1-last=Boyd |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-link=Richard Boyd |editor2-last=Gasper |editor2-first=Philip |editor3-last=Trout |editor3-first=J. D. |editor3-link=J. D. Trout |date=1991 |title=The philosophy of science |series=A Bradford book |___location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0262023156 |oclc=22597466 |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofscie0000unse_u7z8 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=Claude M. J. |last2=Baribeau |first2=Jacinthe M. C. |date=Summer 1984 |title=The classification of psychology among the sciences from Francis Bacon to Boniface Kedrov |journal=[[Journal of Mind and Behavior]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=245–259 (252–254) |jstor=43853037 |url=https://www.academia.edu/27010916}}
* {{cite SEP |last=Cat |first=Jordi |date=2017 |url-id=scientific-unity |title=The unity of science |edition=Fall 2017}}▼
* {{cite journal |last=Dupré |first=John |author-link=John Dupré |date=July 1983 |title=The disunity of science |journal=[[Mind (journal)|Mind]] |volume=92 |issue=367 |pages=321–346 |jstor=2253810 |doi=10.1093/mind/XCII.367.321}}
* {{cite book |last=Dupré |first=John |date=1993 |title=The disorder of things: metaphysical foundations of the disunity of science |___location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0674212606 |oclc=25746325 |url=https://archive.org/details/disorderofthings0000dupr |url-access=registration}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Oppenheim |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Oppenheim |last2=Putnam |first2=Hilary |author-link2=Hilary Putnam |date=1958 |chapter=Unity of science as a working hypothesis |editor-last=Feigl |editor-first=Herbert |editor-link=Herbert Feigl |title=Concepts, theories and the mind–body problem |series=Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science |volume=2 |___location=Minneapolis |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |pages=3–36 |hdl=11299/184622 |isbn=9780816601585 |oclc=2669746 |chapter-url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/184622}} Reprinted in {{harvnb|Boyd|Gasper|Trout|1991}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Piaget |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Piaget |date=1918 |title=Recherche |___location=Lausanne |publisher=Édition La Concorde |page=59 |oclc=2565864 |access-date=9 February 2017 |url=http://www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch/fjp/site/textes/VE/JP_18_Recherche.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629025055/http://www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch/fjp/site/textes/VE/JP_18_Recherche.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-29 |url-status=live |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Symons |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Pombo |editor2-first=Olga |editor3-last=Torres |editor3-first=Juan Manuel |date=2011 |title=Otto Neurath and the unity of science |series=Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science |volume=18 |___location=Dordrecht; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=9789400701427 |oclc=723045353 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4}}▼
* {{cite book |last=Tahko |first=Tuomas E. |date=2021 |title=Unity of science |series=Cambridge elements in the philosophy of science |___location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108713382 |oclc=1204142197 |doi=10.1017/9781108581417 |doi-access=free}}▼
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Malcolm |date=2000 |title=Aristotle's theory of the unity of science |series=Phoenix, supplementary volume |volume=38 |___location=Toronto |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=0802047963 |oclc=43634904 |doi=10.3138/9781442670990}}▼
{{refend}}
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{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bunge |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Bunge |date=2003 |title=Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge |series=Toronto studies in philosophy |___location=Toronto |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=0802088600 |oclc=52411064 |doi=10.3138/9781442674356 |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceconverg0000bung |url-access=registration}}
▲* {{cite SEP |last=Cat |first=Jordi |date=2017 |url-id=scientific-unity |title=The unity of science |edition=Fall 2017}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Galison |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-link=Peter Galison |editor2-last=Stump |editor2-first=David J. |date=1996 |title=The disunity of science: boundaries, contexts, and power |series=Writing science |___location=Stanford, CA |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0804724369 |oclc=32468580}}
* {{cite book |last=Kincaid |first=Harold |date=1997 |title=Individualism and the unity of science: essays on reduction, explanation, and the special sciences |series=Worldly philosophy |___location=Lanham, MD |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=0847686620 |oclc=36817265 |url=https://archive.org/details/individualismuni0000kinc |url-access=registration}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Potochnik |first=Angela |date=May 2011 |title=A Neurathian conception of the unity of science |journal=[[Erkenntnis]] |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=305–319 |doi=10.1007/s10670-010-9228-0 |jstor=41476691 |s2cid=143918932}}
* {{cite book |last=Ruphy |first=Stéphanie |date=2016 |orig-year=2013 |title=Scientific pluralism reconsidered: a new approach to the (dis)unity of science |___location=Pittsburgh |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn=9780822944584 |oclc=951158157}}
▲* {{cite book |editor1-last=Symons |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Pombo |editor2-first=Olga |editor3-last=Torres |editor3-first=Juan Manuel |date=2011 |title=Otto Neurath and the unity of science |series=Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science |volume=18 |___location=Dordrecht; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=9789400701427 |oclc=723045353 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4}}
▲* {{cite book |last=Tahko |first=Tuomas E. |date=2021 |title=Unity of science |series=Cambridge elements in the philosophy of science |___location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108713382 |oclc=1204142197 |doi=10.1017/9781108581417 |doi-access=free}}
▲* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Malcolm |date=2000 |title=Aristotle's theory of the unity of science |series=Phoenix, supplementary volume |volume=38 |___location=Toronto |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=0802047963 |oclc=43634904 |doi=10.3138/9781442670990}}
{{refend}}
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