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The aim was to build parallel computers for artificial intelligence applications using concurrent logic programming. The project imagined an "epoch-making" computer with supercomputer-like performance running on top of large [[database]]s (as opposed to a traditional [[filesystem]]) using a [[logic programming language]] to define and access the data using massively [[Parallel computing|parallel computing/processing]]. They envisioned building a prototype machine with performance between 100M and 1G LIPS, where a LIPS is a ''[[inference|Logical Inference]] Per Second.'' At the time typical workstation machines were capable of about 100k LIPS. They proposed to build this machine over a ten-year period, 3 years for initial R&D, 4 years for building various subsystems, and a final 3 years to complete a working prototype system. In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the '''Institute for New Generation Computer Technology''' (ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies. After the project ended, MITI would consider an investment in a new "sixth generation" project.
[[Ehud Shapiro]] captured the rationale and motivations driving this project:<ref name="EhudTrip">{{Cite journal|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/358172.358179|doi = 10.1145/358172.358179|title = The fifth generation project — a trip report|year = 1983|last1 = Shapiro|first1 = Ehud Y.|journal = Communications of the ACM|volume = 26|issue = 9|pages = 637–641|s2cid = 5955109|doi-access = free}}</ref>
<blockquote>"As part of Japan's effort to become a leader in the computer industry, the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology has launched a revolutionary ten-year plan for the development of large computer systems which will be applicable to knowledge information processing systems. These Fifth Generation computers will be built around the concepts of logic programming. In order to refute the accusation that Japan exploits knowledge from abroad without contributing any of its own, this project will stimulate original research and will make its results available to the international research community."</blockquote>
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