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An earlier attempt to promulgate an updated standard to the analog [[VGA connector]] was made by the [[Video Electronics Standards Association]] (VESA) in 1994 and 1995, with the [[VESA Enhanced Video Connector|Enhanced Video Connector]] (EVC), which was intended to consolidate cables between the computer and monitor.<ref name=VESA-stds>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org:80/standards.html |title=VESA Standards |publisher=Video Electronics Standards Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117080256/http://www.vesa.org:80/standards.html |archive-date=January 17, 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Manchester99>{{cite report |first=Gary |last=Manchester |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151649/http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/RA/news/stack/kompendium/vortraege_99/peripherie/standards/dfp/DFPwhitepap.PDF |title=The VESA Digital Flat Panel (DFP) Standard: A White Paper |publisher=VESA Marketing Committee |url=http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/informatik/RA/news/stack/kompendium/vortraege_99/peripherie/standards/dfp/DFPwhitepap.PDF |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> EVC used a 35-pin [[Molex]] MicroCross connector and carried analog video (input and output), analog stereo audio (input and output), and data (via [[USB]] and [[FireWire]]). At the same time, with the increasing availability of digital flat-panel displays, the priority shifted to digital video transmission, which would remove the extra analog/digital conversion steps required for VGA and EVC;<ref name=DVI-whitepaper/>{{rp|5–6}} the EVC connector was reused by VESA,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org:80/public/Intellectual%20Property/MolexPnD.PDF |title=Molex PnD intellectual property letter |author=Manchester, Gary |date=October 7, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222125034/http://www.vesa.org:80/public/Intellectual%20Property/MolexPnD.PDF |archive-date=February 22, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which released the P&D standard in 1997.<ref name=VESA-stds/> P&D offered single-link TMDS digital video with, as an option, analog video output and data (USB and FireWire), using a 35-pin MicroCross connector similar to EVC; the analog audio and video input lines from EVC were repurposed to carry digital video for P&D.<ref name=DVI-whitepaper/>{{rp|4}}<ref name=VESA-P&D>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org/public/PnD/pnd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704041337/http://www.vesa.org/public/PnD/pnd.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2003 |url-status=dead |date=June 11, 1997 |title=VESA Plug and Display (P&D) Standard, Version 1 |publisher=Video Electronics Standards Association}}</ref>{{rp|§1.3.3}}
Because P&D was a physically large, expensive connector, a consortium of companies developed the DFP standard (1999), which was focused solely on digital video transmission using a 20-pin [[micro ribbon connector]] and omitted the analog video and data capabilities of P&D.<ref name=Manchester99/>{{rp|3}}<ref name=DVI-whitepaper>{{cite report |url=https://www.fpga4fun.com/files/WP_TMDS.pdf |title=Digital Visual Interface & TMDS Extensions |date=October 2004 |publisher=Silicon Image |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4}} DVI instead chose to strip just the data functions from P&D, using a 29-pin MicroCross connector to carry digital and analog video.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.molex.com/mx_upload/family/microcross_dvi/082mcdvi.pdf |title=MicroCross DVI Connector System: Digital Visual Interface Standard |publisher=Molex |date=December 2000 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> Critically, DVI allows dual-link TMDS signals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/276/2/molex_dvi%20technical1-1185865.pdf |title=MicroCross DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Connector System |publisher=Molex |date=November 1999 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> meaning it supports higher resolutions than the single-link P&D and DFP connectors, which led to its successful adoption as an industry standard. Compatibility of DVI with P&D and DFP is accomplished typically through passive adapters that provide appropriate physical interfaces, as all three standards use the same DDC/EDID handshaking protocols and TMDS digital video signals.<ref name=DVI1.0 >{{cite web |url=
==Technical overview==
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* Minimum TMDS clock frequency: 25.175 MHz
** Used for the mandatory "low pixel format" display mode: [[VGA (resolution)|VGA]] (640x480) @ 60 Hz
* Maximum TMDS clock frequency: 165 MHz or above{{notetag|Single-link maximum is 165MHz. Frequencies above 165MHz are only supported at dual-link mode, and only used when total bandwidth requirement surpassing 330MHz TMDS clock. The specification only specifies first link to operate at above single-link maximum in such scenario.<ref name=DVI1.0 />{{rp|§2.2.2.}}}}
** Single link maximum [[gross bit rate]] including 8b/10b overhead is 4.95 Gbit/s. With the 8b/10b overhead subtracted, the maximum [[net bit rate]] is 3.96 Gbit/s.
** Dual link maximum bit rates are twice that of single link. Including 8b/10b overhead, the maximum gross bit rate is 9.90 Gbit/s. With the 8b/10b overhead subtracted, the maximum net bit rate is 7.92 Gbit/s.
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* [[DiiVA]]
* [[Lightning (connector)]]
==Notes==
{{notefoot}}
==References==
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