Nonlinear system: Difference between revisions

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{{Complex systems}}

In [[mathematics]] and [[science]], a '''nonlinear system''' is a [[system]] in which the change of the output is not [[proportionality (mathematics)|proportional]] to the change of the input.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/explained-linear-0226|title=Explained: Linear and nonlinear systems|work=MIT News|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/mathematics/applied-maths/nonlinear-systems.aspx|title=Nonlinear systems, Applied Mathematics - University of Birmingham|website=www.birmingham.ac.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> Nonlinear problems are of interest to [[engineer]]s, [[biologist]]s,<ref>{{Citation|date=2007|pages=181–276|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-34153-6_7|isbn=9783540341529|title = The Nonlinear Universe|series = The Frontiers Collection|chapter = Nonlinear Biology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Korenberg|first1=Michael J.|last2=Hunter|first2=Ian W.|date=March 1996|title=The identification of nonlinear biological systems: Volterra kernel approaches|journal=Annals of Biomedical Engineering|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=250–268|doi=10.1007/bf02667354|pmid=8678357|s2cid=20643206|issn=0090-6964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mosconi|first1=Francesco|last2=Julou|first2=Thomas|last3=Desprat|first3=Nicolas|last4=Sinha|first4=Deepak Kumar|last5=Allemand|first5=Jean-François|last6=Vincent Croquette|last7=Bensimon|first7=David|date=2008|title=Some nonlinear challenges in biology|url=http://stacks.iop.org/0951-7715/21/i=8/a=T03|journal=Nonlinearity|language=en|volume=21|issue=8|pages=T131|doi=10.1088/0951-7715/21/8/T03|issn=0951-7715|bibcode=2008Nonli..21..131M|s2cid=119808230 }}</ref> [[physicist]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gintautas|first1=V.|title=Resonant forcing of nonlinear systems of differential equations|journal=Chaos|date=2008|volume=18|issue=3|pages=033118|doi=10.1063/1.2964200|pmid=19045456|arxiv=0803.2252|bibcode=2008Chaos..18c3118G|s2cid=18345817}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=C.|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Topological properties of a self-assembled electrical network via ab initio calculation|journal=Sci. Rep.|volume=7|pages=41621|date=2017|doi=10.1038/srep41621|pmid=28155863|pmc=5290745|bibcode=2017NatSR...741621S}}</ref> [[mathematician]]s, and many other [[scientist]]s becausesince most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Canete|first1=Javier, Cipriano Galindo, and Inmaculada Garcia-Moral|title=System Engineering and Automation: An Interactive Educational Approach|date=2011|publisher=Springer|___location=Berlin|isbn=978-3642202292|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8rCQYXGGY8C&q=most+systems+are+inherently+nonlinear+in+nature&pg=PA46|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Nonlinear [[dynamical system]]s, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive, contrasting with much simpler [[linear system]]s.

Typically, the behavior of a nonlinear system is described in mathematics by a '''nonlinear system of equations''', which is a set of simultaneous [[equation]]s in which the unknowns (or the unknown functions in the case of [[differential equation]]s) appear as variables of a [[polynomial]] of degree higher than one or in the argument of a [[function (mathematics)|function]] which is not a polynomial of degree one.