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is a video performer who streams on the with a broadcast. A webcam model often performs erotic acts online, such as , , or sex acts in exchan for money, goo, or attention. They may sell videos of their performances. Un other , webcam models operate solely online. O viewed as a lsmall niche in the world of , camming became "the engine of the porn industry," according to Alec Helmy, the publisher of , a -trade industry
==Background==
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The [[conceptual art]]ist [[Jennifer Ringley|Jenny Ringley]] is considered the first camgirl. In 1996, as a student at [[Dickinson College]], Ringley created a website called "[[Jennicam|JenniCam]]". Her webcam was located in her dorm room and automatically photographed her every few minutes. Ringley viewed her site as a straightforward document of her life. She did not wish to filter the events that were shown on her camera, so sometimes she was shown [[Nudity|nude]] or engaging in sexual behavior, including [[Coitus|sexual intercourse]] and [[masturbation]]. These images were then broadcast live over the Internet.<ref name="disobey">{{cite web |title=Forgotten Web Celebrities: Jennicam.org's Jennifer Ringley |url=http://www.disobey.com/ghostsites/2004_05_19_archive.html |access-date=March 27, 2014 |date=May 19, 2004 |first=Steve |last=Baldwin |publisher=Disobey.com: Content for the discontented (blog)}}</ref> Two years later, in 1998, she divided her website's access between free and paying.<ref name=Bartlett>{{cite book|first=Jamie|last=Bartlett|chapter=Chapter 6: Lights, Web-camera, Action|pages=166–192|title=The Dark Net: Inside the Digital Underworld|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlUBAAAQBAJ|___location=London|publisher=Melville House|year=2014|isbn=9780434023172}}</ref>
Also in 1998, a commercial site called AmandaCam was launched. Amanda's site, like Ringley's, had multiple cameras around her house, which allowed people to look in on her.<ref name="Senft2">{{cite book |last=Senft |first=Theresa |title=Camgirls: Celebrity & Community in the Age of Social Networks |publisher=Peter Lang Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8204-5694-2 |___location=New York |pages=45–48 |chapter=I'd Rather Be a Camgirl than a Cyborg - The Future of Feminism on the Web}}</ref><ref name=coloradoart1>{{cite web | title=Histories of Internet Art: Fictions and Factions - Net Practice | url=https://art.colorado.edu/hiaff/artwork9fe4.html?id=28&cid=10 | access-date=28 January 2018 |work=University of Colorado |date=11 January 2014}}</ref> However, Amanda made an important early discovery that would influence the camming industry for decades to come – that a website's popularity could be greatly increased by enabling viewers to chat with a performer while online.<ref name=Senft2/><ref name=webdaddie1>{{cite web | title=JenniCam - AmandaCam | url=http://alt.fan.jennicam.narkive.com/VJEXHwt1/amandacam | access-date=28 January 2018 |work=Narkive |date=13 July 2003}}</ref> Within her ''members section'', Amanda made it a point to chat with her viewers for over three hours a day.<ref name=Senft2/> Since the early days of live [[webcast]]s by Ringley and Amanda, the phenomenon of ''camming'' has grown to become a multibillion-dollar industry, which has an average of at least 12,500 cam models online at any given time, and more than 240,000 viewers at any given time.<ref name=Rabouin>{{cite news|last1=Rabouin|first1=Dion|title=Camming Gives Internet Porn Fans a Personal Touch|url=http://www.newsweek.com/camming-internet-porn-personal-touch-416577|access-date=28 January 2018|work=Newsweek|date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
===Payment systems and earnings===
A camming website acts as a middleman and talent aggregator by hosting hundreds of independent models, and verifies that all are at least 18 years old.<ref name="Richtel">{{cite news |last1=Richtel |first1=Matt |date=21 September 2013 |title=Intimacy on the Web, With a Crowd |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/technology/intimacy-on-the-web-with-a-crowd.html |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=McGehee>{{cite news|last1=McGehee|first1=Cate|title=Camming Is Not Like Any Other Kind of Sex Work|url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/feature/2015/06/10/22360297/camming-is-not-like-any-other-kind-of-sex-work|access-date=19 January 2018|work=the Stranger|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Camming websites typically fall into two main categories, dependent upon whether their video [[chat room]]s are free or private. Viewers in private chat rooms pay the performance by the minute. However, in free chat rooms, payment is voluntary in the form of tips, thus providing the model with an income at a minimal cost for the viewers of the model's chat room's video stream.<ref name=Rachel>{{cite news|last1=Stuart|first1=Rachel|title=Webcamming - The Sex Work Revolution That No One Wants to Talk About|url=https://theconversation.com/webcamming-the-sex-work-revolution-that-no-one-is-willing-to-talk-about-69834|access-date=17 January 2018|work=The Conversation|date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
''Tips'' are electronic tokens that viewers can buy from a camming website, and then give to the models during live performances to show appreciation. Tokens can also be used to buy access to private shows, operate a [[Teledildonics|Teledildonic]] device that a model may be wearing, or buy videos and souvenirs from a model. The website provides the transactional platform and then collects and distributes a percentage of the tips to the models. For public chat rooms, the model's portion of a tip ranges from 30% to 70%, depending on the cam site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://readysetcam.com/blogs/camming-101/best-cam-sites#comparison-table-heading |title=Highest Paying Cam Sites of 2020 |last=Haze |first=Moon |date=10 Aug 2020 |website=readysetcam.com |publisher=Ready Set Cam |access-date=12 November 2020 |quote=Model's Revenue Share: 30 - 70% }}</ref>
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Camming sites typically supply each webcam model with an individual profile webpage where the performer can describe themselves and more importantly, create a virtual store where they can sell items like videos, photos, personal clothing, and memberships to their fan club. The profile page's virtual store creates a stream of passive income, meaning that even if a camgirl is not online and performing, she can still generate money while fans come to the ever-present profile page to purchase its wares. Some of the most popular items are homemade videos cam models make of themselves.<ref name=Hess/> While most of these videos are sexual in nature, they often include elements of comedy, fashion, and a narration of their lifestyles.<ref name=Gibson>{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Finley |date=11 November 2017 |title=The Crowdsourced Lifestyle of an Internet Webcam Model |url=https://designurbate.com/blog/how-to-use-your-chaturbate-fanclub-to-make-more-money |work=DesignUrbate |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>
The affordability of and access to new video recording technology has spawned new variations and genres of pornography since individual women, as well as industry players, can now create content.<ref name=Hess/> A profile page might also sell contact information like a personal phone number, a spot on a model's Snapchat contact list, or the ability to send her private messages through a camming site's friends list.<ref name=McGehee/> The profile page may also suggest tip amounts for real-time performance requests, like a sexy dance, a song request, removal of clothing, or a particular sex act.<ref name=McGehee/> All prices on a profile page are listed in quantities of tips, which are electronic tokens that the viewer can buy in bunches from the cam site to be given to various models during the performance, or in later purchases upon the profile page.<ref name=Richtel/><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |author-link=Natasha Bertrand |date=18 November 2014 |title=How Webcam Models Make Money |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-webcam-models-make-money-2014-11 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
The camming site keeps a percentage of the tips, and the amount varies. Big earners can get a bigger chunk of their tips.<ref name=Richtel/> Commissions earned by webcam models vary widely by website and are usually based on a percentage of gross sales, although sometimes they are in the form of a flat fee. They may also earn money through advertising or commissions by persuading customers to sign up for membership at adult pornographic paysites.<ref name=Bartlett/> Many sites encourage viewers to purchase items from online wish lists.<ref name="auto2" /> Some webcam models cater to particular fetishes, such as a [[Foot fetishism|fascination with feet]], and might earn additional money by selling worn socks to patrons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baxter |first=Annabelle |year=2013 |title=Secrets of a Webcam Girl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VCHCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1620876671}}</ref> Some models will cater to extremely specific [[Sexual fetishism|fetishes]], as customers with uncommon fetishes tend to pay more. This has been criticized as a "race to the bottom," where webcam models will attempt to outdo each other in perversity. In reaction, cam models on websites such as [[Chaturbate]] have developed a culture discouraging engagement in fetishes they consider demeaning.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=van Doorn & Velthius|first=Niels & Olav|date=April 9, 2018|title=A good hustle: the moral economy of market competition in adult webcam modeling|journal=Journal of Cultural Economy|volume=11|issue=3|pages=177–192|doi=10.1080/17530350.2018.1446183|s2cid=149728986|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/45397082/2_28_2020_A_good_hus.pdf |via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>
Camming sites specify rules and restrictions for their cam models, which in turn tend to give the camming site a distinct style and format. For example, one major free-access site, which only allows female models, fosters an environment where the camgirls are not necessarily obligated to do masturbation shows or even display nudity.<ref name=MFCRules>{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.myfreecams.com/wiki/Rules_for_Models |title=Rules for Models - MFC |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=Wiki.MyFreeCams}}</ref> Consequently, some of that site's models create a more relaxed "hangout atmosphere" within their rooms that occasionally resembles a [[talk show]].<ref name="Box">{{cite news |last1=Box |first1=Bobby |date=29 December 2016 |title=An Interview With A Webcam Model Who Makes $4,000 A Month Filming Herself |work=Elite Daily |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/dating/sex/an-intimate-convo-with-webcam-model/1734402 |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=Senft2/> Conversely, another major cam site, which allows men and couples to perform, tends to be more sexual and show-oriented.<ref name=CharRules>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.chaturbate.com/rules-and-guidelines/basic-rules-to-follow/ |title=Basic Rules to Follow - Chaturbate's blog |date=5 February 2014 |work=Chaturbate Blog |access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> On some sites, models are not required to show their face on the webcam stream (thus allowing the use of [[veil]]s, [[mask]]s, ...).<ref name="auto3"/> Other cam site rules might prohibit working in a public place so that the model does not get a public indecency arrest, the way that Kendra Sunderland was charged after her 2014 performance inside the Oregon State University Library.<ref name=McGehee/> Models who violate a camming site's rules may be subjected to a temporary or permanent ban from the cam site.
===Social media===
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Cam studios allow models to rent facilities outside of their homes. These businesses can supply models with video equipment, Internet service, computer, lighting, and furniture. One example was the pornographic film company [[Kink.com]], which rented individual cam studios in the [[San Francisco Armory]] by the hour from 2013 until the building was sold in 2018.<ref name=Richtel/><ref>{{cite news |last=Dineen |first=J. K. |date=7 February 2018 |title=SF Armory sells for $65 million — to be used for manufacturing and offices |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/SF-Armory-sells-for-65-million-to-be-used-12560076.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
Within some studios, cam models can work by the percentage of business that they bring in, instead of renting studio time. The cam models do not have to pay to join this type of studio and are also not guaranteed a salary. These models can typically charge customers between $1 and $15 per minute, and then the studio keeps half of the gross while the model gets the rest.<ref name="Song">{{cite news |last1=Song |first1=Jason |date=3 August 2016 |title=As L.A. porn industry struggles, 'web camming' becomes a new trend |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-porn-camming-20160803-snap-story.html |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>
Another workplace option is called a "camgirl mansion", which is a place that provides equipment and broadcast rooms, where multiple camgirls can live and share expenses without a studio owner.<ref name=McGehee/>
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Various support websites<!-- Do not add specific examples without a reliable, independent source. --> supply general information about business strategies, upcoming conferences, performance tips, and studio equipment reviews. Support sites also advise on how to protect privacy, discourage piracy, avoid Internet security lapses, and prevent financial scams.<ref name=Richtel/><ref name="auto2" /> Some chat websites for cam models provide message boards for the models, which enables them to discuss their work concerns and issues, such as clients who get overly attached.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/cam-girls-vulnerable/ |title=The internet is leaving cam girls vulnerable |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 November 2019 |website=www.dailydot.com |publisher=Daily Dot |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
Conferences and industry trade shows can also aid cam models by allowing cam models to network and meet others in the profession on a personal level.<ref name=McGehee/> Cam model Nikki Night provides a coaching service for cam models, in which she advises them on business practices that maximize revenues.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last=Breslin |first=Susannah |date=18 August 2015 |title=Meet The Vince Lombardi Of Cam Girls |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susannahbreslin/2015/08/18/cam-girl-money/ |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
==Legal issues and risks==
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