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'''''Paradolichopithecus''''' is an extinct genus of [[Old World monkey|cercopithecine monkey]] once found throughout [[Eurasia]]. The type species, ''P. arvernensis'', was a very large monkey, comparable in size to a [[mandrill]]. The genus was most closely related to [[macaque]]s, sharing a very similar cranial morphology.<ref>Nishimura, TD.;(2010). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17261326 Nasal anatomy of Paradolichopithecus gansuensis (early Pleistocene, Longdan, China) with comments on phyletic relationships among the species of this genus]''</ref> The fossils attributed to ''Paradolichopithecus'' are known from the Early [[Pliocene]] to the [[Early Pleistocene]] of Europe (France, Spain, Greece, Romania, and Serbia) and Asia (Tajikistan and China).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Radović|first1=Predrag|last2=Lindal|first2=Joshua|last3=Marković|first3=Zoran|last4=Alaburić|first4=Sanja|last5=Roksandic|first5=Mirjana|date=December 2019|title=First record of a fossil monkey (Primates, Cercopithecidae) from the Late Pliocene of Serbia|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248419301873|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=137|pages=102681|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102681|pmid=31629290|s2cid=204799618 }}</ref> The East Asian fossil genus ''Procynocephalus'' is considered by some to represent a [[senior synonym]] of ''Paradolichopithecus.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kostopoulos|first1=Dimitris S.|last2=Guy|first2=Franck|last3=Kynigopoulou|first3=Zoi|last4=Koufos|first4=George D.|last5=Valentin|first5=Xavier|last6=Merceron|first6=Gildas|date=August 2018|title=A 2Ma old baboon-like monkey from Northern Greece and new evidence to support the Paradolichopithecus – Procynocephalus synonymy (Primates: Cercopithecidae)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248416301932|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=121|pages=178–192|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.012|pmid=29779686|s2cid=29167579 }}</ref>
== Description ==
''Paradolichopithecus'' was a terrestrial monkey generally believed to have developed a large body size as a response to predator pressure, estimated to be similar in weight to the mandrill (~31 kg). Despite its close relation to macaques, it also shared a number of postcranial features with baboons. Its ankle joints also show a remarkable similarity with that of the hominid ''[[Australopithecus]]'', and it has led to the idea that ''Paradolichopithecus'' may frequently have moved in a bipedal stance. The limbs of this genus were robust with prominent areas of muscular attachment, notably found on the humerus which had a length of 22.5 cm. The radius of this specimen was longer than the humerus as seen in the mandrill, measuring 25.2cm although it was also broader in structure than current mandrills and baboons.<ref>Van Der Greer, A. A. E.; (2002) ''[http://users.uoa.gr/~geeraae/publications/2002-agph-Paradolichopithecus.pdf The postcranial elements of Paradolichopithecus arvernensis (Primates, Cercopithecidae, Papionini) from Lesvos, Greece]''</ref>
A fossil of this primate shows the talus bone having features much more alike [[Australopithecus|Australopithecines]] than modern baboons or chimpanzees, such as shape and placement, although some features are similar to bipedally trained [[Japanese macaque|Japanese macaques]]. The distal tibia found also has a distinctly more massive and square [[malleolus]], differing from macaques or baboons and again showing a similarity to hominins. The morphology and width of the tibia shows that this primate had specific weight-bearing adaptations for terrestrial locomotion. The proximal humerus found in this site has a deep and wide attachment groove for the biceps along with a larger articulation area on the head, which relates to the increased mobility possible for the elbow joint found.<ref>{{Cite journal|
==References==
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