Shell theorem: Difference between revisions

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[[Isaac Newton]] proved the shell theorem<ref name="Newton philo">{{cite book|last=Newton|first=Isaac|title=Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophinatur03newtgoog|date=1687|___location=London|pages=Theorem XXXI}}</ref> and stated that:

# A [[sphere|spherically]] [[symmetry|symmetric]] body affects external objects gravitationally as though all of its [[mass]] were concentrated at a [[point mass|point]] at its center.akjdfvhkjhvkjfhv

# If the body is a spherically symmetric shell (i.e., a hollow ball), no net [[gravitational force]] is exerted by the shell on any object inside, regardless of the object's ___location within the shell.

A corollary is that inside a solid sphere of constant density, the gravitational force within the object varies linearly with distance from the center, becoming zero by symmetry at the center of [[mass]]. This can be seen as follows: take a point within such a sphere, at a distance <math>r</math> from the center of the sphere. Then you can ignore all of the shells of greater radius, according to the shell theorem (2). But the point can be considered to be external to the remaining sphere of radius r, and according to (1) all of the mass of this sphere can be considered to be concentrated at its centre. The remaining masskjfdsfuhvkjfhvmass <math>m</math> is proportional to <math>r^3</math> (because it is based on volume). The gravitational force exerted on a body at radius r will be proportional to <math>m/r^2</math> (the [[inverse square law]]), so the overall gravitational effect is proportional to {{nowrap|<math>r^3/r^2 =r</math>,}} so is linear in {{nowrap|<math>r</math>.}}

These results were important to Newton's analysis of planetary motion; they are not immediately obvious, but they can be proven with [[calculus]]. ([[Gauss's law for gravity]] offers an alternative way to state the theorem.)