Tunable resistive pulse sensing: Difference between revisions

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'''Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing''' ('''TRPS''') is a single-particle technique used to measure the size, concentration and [[zeta potential]] of particles as they pass through a size-tunable [[nanopore]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sowerby SJ, Broom MF, Petersen GB | title = Dynamically resizable nanometre-scale apertures for molecular sensing. | journal = Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. | date = April 2007 | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 325-330325–330 | doi = 10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.031 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21434639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Willmott G, Kozak D, Roberts GS, Anderson W, Groenewegen L, Glossop B, Barnett A, Turner A, Trau M | title = Quantitative sizing of nano/microparticles with a tunable elastomeric pore sensor | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 83 | issue = 9 | pages = 3499–506 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21434639 | doi = 10.1021/ac200195n }}</ref>

The technique adapts the principle of [[resistive pulse sensing]], which monitors current flow through an aperture, combined with the use of tunable nanopore technology, allowing the passage of ionic current and particles to be regulated by adjusting the pore size.<ref name="Roberts_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts GS, Kozak D, Anderson W, Broom MF, Vogel R, Trau M | title = Tunable nano/micropores for particle detection and discrimination: scanning ion occlusion spectroscopy | journal = Small | ___location = Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany | volume = 6 | issue = 23 | pages = 2653–8 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20979105 | doi = 10.1002/smll.201001129 }}</ref><ref name="Willmott_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Willmott GR, Vogel R, Yu SS, Groenewegen LG, Roberts GS, Kozak D, Anderson W, Trau M | title = Use of tunable nanopore blockade rates to investigate colloidal dispersions | journal = Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : anAn Institute of Physics Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 45 | pages = 454116 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21339603 | doi = 10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454116 | arxiv = 1005.4255 | bibcode = 2010JPCM...22S4116W | s2cid = 11162451 }}</ref> The addition of the tunable nanopore allows for the measurement of a wider range of particle sizes and improves accuracy.<ref name="Roberts_2010" /><ref name="Willmott_2010" />

[[File:TRPS Blockade.png|thumb|Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS). Particles crossing a pore are detected as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude.]]

== Technique ==

[[File:Wiki Pore Image Simple.png|thumb|A polydisperse particle sample passing through the tunable nanopore. The size of the aperture is altered by increasing or decreasing the stretch placed upon the nanopore.]]

Particles crossing a nanopore are detected one at a time as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude. As blockade magnitude is proportional to particle size, accurate particle sizing can be achieved after calibration with a known standard. This standard is composed of particles of a known size and concentration. For TRPS, carboxylated polystyrene particles are often used.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Pal AK, Jambhrunkar S, Patel P, Thakur SS, Reátegui E, Parekh HS, Saá P, Stassinopoulos A, Broom MF | display-authors = 6 | title = High-Resolution Single Particle Zeta Potential Characterisation of Biological Nanoparticles using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 17479 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29234015 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-14981-x | pmc = 5727177 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...717479V }}</ref>

Nanopore-based detection allows particle-by-particle assessment of complex mixtures.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Savage J, Muzard J, Camera GD, Vella G, Law A, Marchioni M, Mehn D, Geiss O, Peacock B, Aubert D, Calzolai L, Caputo F, Prina-Mello A | display-authors = 6 | title = Measuring particle concentration of multimodal synthetic reference materials and extracellular vesicles with orthogonal techniques: Who is up to the challenge? | journal = Journal of Extracellular Vesicles | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = e12052 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33473263 | pmc = 7804049 | doi = 10.1002/jev2.12052 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Coumans FA, Maltesen RG, Böing AN, Bonnington KE, Broekman ML, Broom MF, Buzás EI, Christiansen G, Hajji N, Kristensen SR, Kuehn MJ, Lund SM, Maas SL, Nieuwland R, Osteikoetxea X, Schnoor R, Scicluna BJ, Shambrook M, de Vrij J, Mann SI, Hill AF, Pedersen S | display-authors = 6 | title = A standardized method to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles using tunable resistive pulse sensing | journal = Journal of Extracellular Vesicles | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 31242 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 27680301 | pmc = 5040823 | doi = 10.3402/jev.v5.31242 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> By selecting an appropriately sized nanopore and adjusting its stretch, the nanopore size can be optimized for particle size and improve measurement accuracy.  

Adjustments to nanopore stretch, in combination with a fine-control of pressure and voltage allow TRPS to determine sample concentration <ref>{{cite conference | vauthors = Willmott GR, Samuel SC, Vogel R | title = Pressure dependence of particle transport through resizable nanopores. | conference = 2010 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | date = February 2010 | pages = 128-131128–131 | publisher = IEEE | doi = 10.1109/ICONN.2010.6045207 }}</ref> and to accurately derive individual particle zeta potential<ref name="Vogel_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Anderson W, Eldridge J, Glossop B, Willmott G | title = A variable pressure method for characterizing nanoparticle surface charge using pore sensors | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 84 | issue = 7 | pages = 3125–31 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22369672 | doi = 10.1021/ac2030915 }}</ref> in addition to particle size information.

== Applications ==